Data Protection Act 1998 and Broad Based Hr Essay

Assignment The main purpose of my current job role is the responsibility for processing all aspects of the Company’s payroll from start to finish and providing HR support to the other members of the team to ensure the effective day to day running of the HR function. This includes assisting with the recruitment of new staff and maintaining personnel records relating to employees in compliance with relevant legislation and regulation. To successfully undertake my role a wide range of skills, knowledge and behaviours are required.   The two professional areas Insight Strategy and Solutions and Leading HR are the heart of the profession and are the most important to all HR professionals. Very important is to understand the Company’s HR Strategy. The core of the Company’s HR strategy identifies two broad based HR objectives: Ensure that the talent and abilities of staff are recognised and developed to their full potential Ensure that the individual and collective skills and abilities of staff support the on-going delivery of Company objectives Develop understanding of the Company and use the insights to tailor strategy and solutions to meet organisational needs now and in the future Helping employees understand their role in change, the reason for it and the results that are expected In the design of the annual HR plans all members of the department work collaboratively to ensure the plans are challenging and deliver positive results for the company. As a leading HR it is important to support development plans and programmes. Provide advice confidently based on sound understanding of organisation’s policy and practice. Act as a role model leader, support, develop and measure others across the organisation. Work collaboratively with colleagues to deliver good policy, practice and advice. Employee engagement is important so that all employees have connection with their work, colleagues and to the organisation so that employees are more fulfilled by work and make a greater contribution towards organisational  objectives, therefore particular attention is needed to good leadership and management. To be effective in my role I need to refer to eight behaviours: 1. Curious- to be open to trying ideas reflect, analyse and test them and insight with others, take on board change, implement changes to payroll system and procedures try new ides 2. Decisive Thinker – analyse payroll data to ensure details and facts are correct, complete and consistent; use experience, standard procedure and common sense and knowledge to solve payroll problems while recognising limits of experience and authority within the organisation 3. Skilled influencer – understand how to influence within the culture, governance of performance framework and politics, identifying the key points to communicate on any interaction, selecting the right message and audience 4. Personally credible – improving own experience, knowledge, skills shearing it with colleagues, considering how to add value and ensure expertise is developed, accept and act on feedback on own performance to both criticism and praise 5. Collaborative – passing information promptly, keeping colleagues up to date, support them in their day-to-day work, handle disagreement as they occur, seeking a constructive solution, showing respect for diversity 6. Driven to deliver – identify the steps to achieve agreed tasks, goals and objectives in the immediate or short term, keep track of own progress, keeping deadlines or inform others when targets can’t be met, deliver to expectations and commitment, meeting or exceeding agreed standards 7. Courage to challenge – stand by own proposal in the face of difficult questions, providing supporting evidence, explore the full range of viewpoints, consult others when facing problems, undercover pertinent facts to move a debate forward 8. Role model – consistently act according to organisational and legal principles and agreed processes, deal with personal date and information in a highly professional manner and relevant legislation such as Data Pr otection Act, deliver expectations and promises Experience of processing all aspects of Payroll A good understanding of tax codes, tax and NI rates, thresholds, allowances  and deductions from pay Ability to calculate payroll manually A good understanding of SSP, SMP, SAP and Employment Law Experience of recruitment campaigns A good understanding of HR policies and procedures Ability to maintain confidentiality and ensure data protection principles are adhered to at all times Ability to work on own initiative and deal with difficult and sensitive situations Ability to organise and prioritise workload and to meet agreed deadlines and targets Excellent interpersonal skills

Was Convict Leasing a Form of Legalized Slavery

Convict leasing was a system of prison labor used mainly in the Southern United States from 1884 until 1928. In convict leasing, state-run prisons profited from contracting with private parties from plantations to corporations to provide them with convict labor. During the term of the contracts, the lessees—rather than the prisons—bore all cost and responsibility for overseeing, housing, feeding, and clothing the prisoners. Key Takeaways: Convict Leasing Convict leasing was an early system of prison labor that existed fromConvict leasing existed mainly in the Southern United States from 1884 until 1928.Convicts were typically leased to operators of plantations, railroads, and coal mines.The lessees assumed all costs of housing, feeding, and overseeing the convicts.The states profited greatly from convict leasing.Most leased convicts were recently-freed African American slaves.Many leased convicts suffered inhumane treatment.Public opinion, economic factors, and politics led to the abolishment of convict leasing.Convict leasing was justified by a loophole in the 13th Amendment.Most historians consider convict leasing to have been a form of state-sanctioned slavery. While it was first used by Louisiana as early as 1844, contract leasing spread quickly after the emancipation of slaves during the period of American Reconstruction following the end of the Civil War in 1865. As an example of how the states profited from the process, the percentage of Alabama’s total annual revenue generated from convict leasing increased from 10 percent  in 1846 to nearly 73 percent by 1889. As a result of aggressive and discriminatory enforcement of the numerous â€Å"Black Codes† laws passed in the South after the abolishment of slavery, the majority of prisoners leased out by the prisons were black. The practice of convict leasing extracted a substantial human cost, with death rates among leased convicts running about 10 times higher than death rates among prisoners in non-leasing states. During 1873, for example, 25 percent  of all black leased convicts died while serving their sentences. Despite its profitability to the states, convict leasing was slowly phased out during the late 19th and early 20th centuries largely due to negative public opinion and opposition from the growing labor union movement. While Alabama became the last state to end the official practice of convict leasing in 1928, several of its aspects remain as part of today’s growing prison industrial complex. The Evolution of Convict Leasing On top of its human toll, the Civil War left the South’s economy, government, and society in a shambles. Getting little sympathy or aid from the U.S. Congress, the Southern states struggled to raise money to repair or replace damaged infrastructure—including prisons—most of which had been destroyed during the war. Before the Civil War, the punishment of slaves had been the responsibility of their owners. However, with a general increase in both black and white lawlessness during post-emancipation reconstruction, the lack of available prison space became a significant and costly problem. Having elevated many petty misdemeanors to felonies requiring jail time, enforcement of the former-slave-targeted Black Code laws greatly increased the number of prisoners needing housing. As they struggled to build new prisons, some states tried paying private contractors to confine and feed convicts. Soon, however, the states realized that by leasing them out to plantation owners and industrialists, they could turn their prison population from a costly liability into a ready source of revenue. Markets for imprisoned workers soon evolved as private entrepreneurs bought and sold convict labor leases. The Ills of Convict Leasing Revealed Having only a small capital investment in convict workers, employers had little reason to treat them well compared to their regular employees. While they were aware that convict laborers were often subjected to inhumane living and working conditions, the states found convict leasing so profitable that they were hesitant to abandon the practice. In his book, â€Å"Twice the Work of Free Labor: The Political Economy of Convict Labor in the New South,† historian Alex Lichtenstein noted that while some northern states used convict leasing, only in the South was complete control of prisoners turned over to  the contractors, and only in the South did the places where convict laborers worked become known as â€Å"penitentiaries.† State officials neither had nor wanted any authority to oversee the treatment of leased prisoners, choosing instead to give the employers complete control over their working and living conditions. Coal mines and plantations were widely reported to have hidden burial grounds for the bodies of leased prisoners, many of whom had been beaten to death or left to die from work-related injuries. Witnesses told of organized gladiator-style fights to the death between convicts staged for the amusement of their overseers. In many cases, the court records of convict workers were lost or destroyed, leaving them unable to prove that they had served their sentences or repaid their debts.   The Abolition of Convict Leasing While reports of the evils and abuses of convict leasing in newspapers and journals brought increasing public opposition to the system at the start of the 20th century, state politicians fought to maintain it. Unpopular or not, the practice proved extremely profitable for the state governments and the businesses that used convict labor. Slowly, however, employers began to recognize the business-related disadvantages of forced convict labor, such as minimal productivity and lower quality of work. While public exposure of the inhumane treatment and suffering of convicts surely played a part, opposition from organized labor, legislative reform, political pressure, and economic realities ultimately spelled the end of convict leasing. After reaching its peak around 1880, Alabama became the last state to formally abolish state-sponsored convict leasing in 1928. In reality, however, convict labor had been more transformed than abolished. Still faced with the costs of housing prisoners, the states turned to alternative forms of convict labor, such as the infamous â€Å"chain gangs,† groups of convicts forced to work on public sector tasks such as road construction, ditch digging, or farming while chained together. Practices like chain gangs persisted until December 1941, when President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s Attorney General Francis Biddle’s â€Å"Circular 3591† directive clarified federal regulations for handling cases relating to involuntary servitude, slavery and peonage. Was Convict Leasing Just Slavery? Many historians and civil rights advocates contended that state officials had exploited a loophole in the 13th Amendment to allow convict leasing as a method of continuing slavery in the post-Civil war South. The 13th Amendment, ratified on December 6, 1865, states: â€Å"Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, nor any place subject to their jurisdiction.† In establishing convict leasing, however, the southern states applied the Amendment’s qualifying phrase â€Å"except as punishment for crime† in the infamous Black Codes laws to allow lengthy prison terms as punishment for a wide variety of minor crimes from vagrancy to simple indebtedness. Left without the food and housing provided by their former owners, and largely unable to find jobs due to post-war racial discrimination, many newly-freed African-American slaves fell victim to selective enforcement of the Black Codes laws. In his book, â€Å"Slavery by Another Name: The Re-Enslavement of Black Americans from the Civil War to World War II,† writer Douglas A. Blackmon contends that while it differed in ways from pre-emancipation slavery, convict leasing â€Å"was nonetheless slavery† calling it â€Å"a system in which armies of free men, guilty of no crimes and entitled by law to freedom, were compelled to labor without compensation, were repeatedly bought and sold, and were forced to do the bidding of white masters through the regular application of extraordinary physical coercion.† During its heyday, defenders of convict leasing contended that its Black convict laborers were actually â€Å"better off† than they had been as slaves. They claimed that by being forced to conform to rigid discipline, observe regular working hours, and acquire new skills, the former slaves would lose their â€Å"old habits† and finish their prison term better equipped to assimilate into society as freemen. Sources Alex Lichtenstein, Twice the Work of Free Labor: The Political Economy of Convict Labor in the New South, Verso Press, 1996Mancini, Matthew J. (1996). One Dies, Get Another: Convict Leasing in the American South, 1866-1928. Columbia, SC: Universiry of South Carolina PressBlackmon, Douglas A., Slavery by Another Name: The Re-Enslavement of Black Americans from the Civil War to World War II, (2008) ISBN 978-0-385-50625-0Litwack, Leon F., Trouble in Mind: Black Southerners in the Age of Jim Crow, (1998) ISBN 0-394-52778-X

Piaget s Theory Of Cognitive Development Theory - 1174 Words

Piaget’s Cognitive Development Theory describes the way that people collect and categorise information to make sense of their surroundings (Woolfolk Margetts 2013, p. 81). Piaget’s theory is known as constructivist as it is based on the idea that people are active in their own learning (Institute for Inquiry 2017). The theory is based around the idea that a thinking process change and develop from birth to adulthood. According to Piaget, there were four influences involved in the changes that thinking undertakes. These influences included biological maturation, activity, social experiences and equilibration (Kamii 1985, p. 574). He also identified four stages in which people cognitively developed: sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete†¦show more content†¦To teach this, an educator may give a demonstration. This will create disequilibrium as the information known to the children and what they are observing will be different. It will then be the educators job to explain what has happened and give reasoning so students can then have a state of equilibrium once again. The theory given by the teacher after the demonstration will be sorted into schemas, through either assimilation or adaptation. Piaget also hypothesised four different stages – sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational- in which children develop (Woolfolk Margetts 2013, p.83). It was thought that every person passes through the stages in the exact same order, never skipping a stage. The stages are often categorised by age, from birth to adulthood. However, it was stated that people may experience long periods between stages, and others may show characteristics from different stages at different times. The sensorimotor stage is approximately from ages zero to two years old and involves the development of thinking and understanding through the five senses, and movement. Object permanence, which is the understanding that objects exist whether they are seen or not, and goal-oriented actions areShow MoreRelatedPiaget s Theory Of Cognitive Development Theory745 Words   |  3 PagesPiaget s Theory of Cognitive Development Numerous papers have been written on Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development Theory. Most fall short of helping others understand what exactly Jean Piaget means when it comes to the three basic components to Piaget’s Cognitive Theory. These two articles I have chosen to use in this paper, give the best explanation on his theory. This paper will go into detail on the key concepts of Piaget’s Cognitive Theory and hopefully help others understand in itsRead MorePiaget s Theory Of Cognitive Development1289 Words   |  6 Pagesare many great cognitive theorists, but the one that comes to mind is a development psychologist by the name of Jean Piaget. One of his prized declaration was in 1934, where he declared that education is capable of saving our society from collapsing whether its violent or gradual. Piaget had a key effect on education and psychology, and because of that effect he made many contributions to learning and to cognition. One of most important c ontribution was a model that was made by Piaget. This modelRead MorePiaget s Cognitive Development Theory1077 Words   |  5 PagesAccording to Piaget (1957), cognitive development was a continuous restructuring of mental processes due to varied situations and experiencing the world and maturing biologically. His view of cognitive development would have us look inside a child’s head and glimpse the inborn process of change that thinking goes through. â€Å"He was mainly interested in the biological influences on â€Å"how we come to know’† (Huitt and Hummel, 2003). 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WithRead MorePiaget s Theory Of Cognitive Development Essay1790 Words   |  8 PagesCognitive developmental theories provide a framework for understanding about how children act and perceive the world. However, every theory has both strengths and weaknesses. A certain theory may explain one aspect of cognitive development very well, but poorly address or completely ignore other aspects that are just as important. Two well known theories of cognitive development are Piaget’s stage theor y and Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory. As I plan to be a pediatric nurse, these two theories willRead MorePiaget s Theory Of Cognitive Development1111 Words   |  5 PagesPiaget’s theory of cognitive development Piaget’s theory of cognitive development was based around his belief that children will develop their intelligence through a series of stages: Sensorimotor (birth – 2yrs), Preoperational (2-7yrs), Concrete Operational (7-11yrs) and Formal Operational (11+). He believed these stages to be invariant, the same stages taking place in a fixed order, and universal, the same for every child regardless of their background or culture. (McLeod, 2015) Piaget believedRead MorePiaget s Theory Of Cognitive Development1519 Words   |  7 Pagesrelates to both Piaget and Vygotskian theories in the sense that they describe how the child s mind develops through different forms of stimuli that occur during early childhood. Piaget s theory focuses mainly on things such as; how children think; how the world around them is perceived and how the newly found information is explained through the language they use. Vygotsky s theory however differs as the effects of different forms of social interaction occur in cognitive development such as; internalisation;Read MorePiaget s Theory Of Cognitive Development1325 Words   |  6 PagesJean Piaget developed a systematic study of cognitive development. He conducted a theory that all children are born with a basic mental structure. He felt that their mental structure is genetically inherited and their learning evolved from subsequent learning and knowledge. Piaget’s theory is different from other theories and he was the first to study a child’s learning by using a systematic study of cognitive development. His theory was only concerning the learning of children, their development

Are You Always Tired Or Not Feeling Well You Could Be

Are you always tired or not feeling well? You could be feeling restless due to lack of sleep. When a person is sleep deprived it raises a much higher risk to any type of chronic health problems compared to how your body feels when you receive enough sleep. Risks can include mood change, weight gain, high blood pressure, and a poor immune system a well-rested night can include energy, happiness, healthy and well rested. Being well rested can mean a lot of good things come to your body but what happens when you aren’t well rested or maybe have too much sleep? Stress can affect a person’s sleep state by using the extra energy that must keep them awake at night. The more stress, the sleep a person will receive this can lead to a form of†¦show more content†¦The less sleep you have the higher your appetite elevates. Elevated appetites are a pain to mess with, it’s hard to shave off all the extra pounds you gained from sleep deprivation. When trying to get back on a simple sleep cycle exercise is the best medicine. When exercising, try exercising in the morning you start to wake up (What’s the Best Time to Exercise) all the while burning off all your extra energy. It also helps reduce a person’s stress levels as you continue a routine daily workout. Creating the best sleep schedule possible is the only way to get your sleep cycle on track. You won’t be a ble to do that if you don’t reduce your sugar intake that increases your blood pressure (Barnes 2016). High blood pressure can have all kinds of causes but one is lack of sleep. It could even make matters worse if you had high blood pressure to begin with (Sheps 2015). This occurs when a person only receives only five to six hours of sleep the night before. You can hurt the body this way or not being able to maintain your blood pressure (Sheps 2015). It can be obtained when your body’s stress hormones are not being regulated properly. This can ultimately lead to your rise in blood pressure if you are not careful it can get much worse that’s why you need at least seven to eight hours of sleep. When getting at least seven to eight hours a night can be a satisfying reason and even a prevention of your high blood pressure. WhenShow MoreRelatedEssay on Narrative Assignment654 Words   |  3 PagesThe emotional connection to feelings that children develop from them will help them develop a sense of belonging. Folk tales, fairy tales and fables have changed over time depending on how and where they are told but the outcomes are always the same. My favorite fable growing up was Aesop’s the Tortoise and the Hare. This fable was about a hare that thinks he is faster than anyone else. He is always boosting about how he is so fast that no one can beat him. He is always piking on the tortious aboutRead MoreA Case Study Of A Male Client Essay1469 Words   |  6 Pagespursue a degree in computer engineering, and obtain a job to help pay for the new stable home they recently moved into. However, although better than the previous home they occupied. The new house is still run down and the mother despises it. Jake had always been a hard-working individual; he especially works hard to make sure his loved ones are taken care of. Jake believes his job to be very depressing, dull, and boring. He found himself unable to save any money because all of it went directly to payingRead MoreI Need A Life That Isn t Just About A Mental Illness1732 Words   |  7 Pagesmy life.† Living with a mental illness such as anxiety is tiring and terrifying. For the longest time I ran away from having to deal with it. I ´m well aware of how irrational my thoughts formed by it can be and yet knowing and it still affecting me is what makes it so crippling. 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Our life was a little bit hard, everyone in the family is always busy, my mom went to work most of the time and my dad, too. My sister and me we both have school during the day and tutoring class after school. Sometimes, I only see my mom twice a week even though she is home everyday at midnight because of her busy work. My dad is in charged of taking me to school and picking me up after tutoring class, but he also have his job

Widespread Adoption Of E-Books Free Essays

E-books could be referred to as digital media that are similar to print outs. They could also be referred to as books that are in electronic format or version but similar to conventional printed books. As every aspect of life seems to be undergoing a kind of revolution, printing industries are not left behind as they are also moving from analog to digital times by offering books online or in other electronic formats. We will write a custom essay sample on Widespread Adoption Of E-Books or any similar topic only for you Order Now This essay is going to look and discuss in depth about issues that surround its widespread adoption. In the beginning there were very few books that were available in electronic format as people were reluctant to adopt them. In most cases it is only books that were familiar and in the public domain were published as e-books but of late even new books are available in fact, this mode has given new authors a platform to market their work. E-books requires one to have an electronic device such as a phone or a computer to be able to read them and specific software such as Dedicated e-book reader and Adobe PDF for one to be able to read them. (Viney, 2005). Just like it is the case with other thing, that is having merits and demerits, the same applies to e-books and these factors in one way or the other affects their widespread adoption according to Bergeron and Blander (91). There are those factors that favor its adoption and these are things like; you can carry around a lot of information on a very simple device such as compact discs and phones. It is much easier to search for information in e-books than in other ordinary printouts as you can go to a specific page automatically without having to turn pages one after the other. Many publishers opt to publish their books in electronic form because of various reasons such as; it is cheaper to publish e-book than to print ordinary books which requires a lot of color and labor. Another thing that leads to its adoption world wide is the fact that unlike ordinary printouts, the case is different when it comes to e-books as you can adjust the font size and backlight to suit your needs. On the other hand, there are those factors that undermine its world wide adoption and these are things like; e-book might require internet connection, requires electronic devices such as phones and computers. Again you have to buy some recommended software such as Adobe PDF reader which costs more than the book itself something that hampers its widespread adoption. Electronic devices are prone to malfunctioning and thus can become faulty anytime when you least expect it and thus it is not reliable. Again this book requires electronic devices that use electrical power thus adding the cost of having it plus it becomes a limitation to areas where there is no electricity. In other circumstances, author’s effort and time spent becomes a waste when their work is hacked by pirates and sold cheaply to readers. There are also reasons such as environmental diversity of end users for example e-books requires particular properties for machines for one to read them like specific resolution of the screen, screen size and other things (Viney, 2005). Again this book requires different software for one to access it on another machine making it very costly when you factor in the cost of the software plus the book itself something that impedes on its widespread adoption (Bergeron and Blander, 2002). Indeed departure from analog books to digital e-books is the height of civilization but as it is the case with new products to have no easy flow in the market, e-book has been no exceptional as there are a number of hindrances that hamper its widespread adoption such as the need for specific reading software that are very costly and electronic devices that consume a lot electricity. Despite this, e-book has its advantages such as; it is easily accessible, portable and less costly when it comes to publishing. How to cite Widespread Adoption Of E-Books, Papers

Market Expansion Opportunity of Rio Tinto-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the strategic management and market expansion opportunity of Rio Tinto. Answer: Introduction In this report, detailed strategic management of Rio Tinto Group is presented. Rio Tinto Group is one of the major organisations in Australia and this report has explained the chance of market entry in a specific market of European and Asian contexts. The macro-environment analysis, geopolitical risks and opportunities, business policies and trade and overall market attractiveness are presented. In this report, secondary data has been used. Overview of Rio Tinto Rio Tinto Group is a public company that is operating in mining and metals industry. Rio Tinto is an Australian-British multinational organisation and it has its share in both Australian and British market. It was established in the year 1873 by a multinational consortium as this group of investors purchased my complex on Rio Tinto in Spain from the Spanish government (Riotinto.com 2017). It has it headquarter in London and on Melbourne. This organisation followed a number of mergers and acquisitions to make itself a bigger organisation. It produces the commodities like uranium, coal, diamonds, copper and iron ore. The primary objective of the organisation is to extract the minerals from Iron Ore and Bauxite. Revenue of the organisation was USD33.78 billion and profit were USD4.76 billion in 2016. Identification of two countries selected for market entry It is serving in worldwide basis and it has operation teams in six continents and it is focusing mainly in Australia and Canada right now. In this report, in the Asian market, Saudi Arabia is selected and in the European market, Germany is selected. Current macro-environment and geopolitical forces Macro-environment analysis of Saudi Arabia The political condition of UAE is stable and it can attract the multinational organisations to enter the market, however, corruption is present in the government sector. In addition, Saudi Government is trying to improve the employment condition by attracting the foreign companies. The economic condition in the Saudi Arabia touched all-time high with 865.35 USD billion in 2016 (Salem 2016). 60% of the population of the Saudi Arabia are in the workforce and financial institutions provide help in opening of business. Monetary and banking systems are helpful in Saudi Arabia and this country is a member of WTO and World Bank. Moreover, the mining businesses in Saudi Arabia are related to the natural gas, coal, crude oil, copper, gold, zinc and silver. Social factors of Saudi Arabia are related to people's preferences, lifestyle and improvement of financial conditions among people. In Saudi, the western lifestyle is missing and Islamic influences are high, the people do recreational activ ities and companies in Saudi Arabia allow the foreign people to be in well-paid positions. Purchasing Power Parity of the customers based on GDP was estimated to USD 55158 (Wright 2016). In Saudi Arabia, technological factors are related to the young professionals who have good knowledge in information technologies and the companies have been using software, IT, satellite and mobile technologies. In mining and metal industry, all equipment is present. Geopolitical forces: The policy of Saudi Arabia is mainly focused on the cooperation with Gulf-states and the country mainly believes in the unity of Arab world. Saudi Arabia is a part of the Non-Aligned Movement and it has made a Pro-western camp with making a partnership with the US, Jordan, Egypt and other Arabian Gulf (Dickson 2015). Natural resources of Saudi Arabia are Petroleum, copper, gold, natural gas and iron-ore. These partnerships with the other countries and rich natural resources provide opportunities to open up the international relations and business opportunities. On the other side, the main concern of Saudi Arabia in recent time is the relation with the US, an effect of oil price and using the oil wealth to improve the impact of Islam. A growth rate of population in Saudi Arabia is 1.49% and life expectancy is also high. Macro-environment analysis of Germany In political factor, Germany is a federal parliamentary republic and it is situated in western-central Europe. The capital city of Germany is Berlin and in Government, it has three levels where responsibilities, roles and power are vested perfectly. Germany follows the laws of EU as it was the founder member of EU (Cecil 2015). The political situation of the country is stable and a major political power in Europe. In economic factor, Germany is the fourth largest economy in the world according to GDP and it is fifth largest in purchasing power parity. The country is the large exporter and the industries like healthcare, automotive, beer and IT are world class. Many large multinational companies have headquarters in Germany, like Adidas, Siemens, SAP, Porsche, Volkswagen and many others. Current GDP of Germany is growing strong and it represents 5.60% of world economy. In social factors, Germany is a developed country and the people experience the high standard of living and it has po wer in global and regional affairs. The disposable income of the people is high and estimated $53,000 annually (Cortizo and Keyt 2013). In technology, Germany plays an important role in the international market as most of the world leaders in technology are from German. Germany's participation in the EU has a major impact on other EU based countries to have help in technology. Moreover, in mining and metals-related technologies, it is equipped with geological, mineralogical and natural science technologies. Geopolitical forces: Germany is also a member of NATO, OECD, G4, G8 and UN Secretary Council. Germany maintains a good relation of 229 diplomatic missions with more than 188 countries. It is one of the major powers in global affairs and European regions. Federal departments play a major role in making foreign policies and Bundestag acts in a notable manner in a supervisory capacity (En.portal.santandertrade.com 2017). Peaceful collaboration is Germany's major aim and it has always been in the forefront in political achievement in a European context (Export.gov 2017). Natural resources of Germany are mainly coal (Bituminous, ignite coal, natural gas, copper, nickel, iron ore, uranium and potash. Germanys population growth rate is 1.2% and life expectancy in this country is high 81 years. These forces can help an organisation like Rio Tinto to feel safe to enter the German market and expand in the European section. Development of each countrys trade and business policy Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia has made a development strategy to diversify its economy through natural gas, crude oil and mining industry. This mining and crude oil industry provide almost 23% of real GDP and the development strategy of the Saudi Arabia is based on the liberal trade regime and it has been going through structural reforms to make it more business-friendly environment. Saudi Arabia aligned the tariff to GCC (Gulf Cooperation Council) external tariff and the transition period is three years and it was there until 2011. Saudi Arabia has simple MFN (Most Favoured Nation) tariff that has 19 tariffs has mixed rates (En.portal.santandertrade.com 2017). However, there are some products that are prohibited due to religious reasons like swine and alcoholic beverages. Saudi Arabia does not impose excise duty, VAT and any other internal tax on produced or imported products. Average MFN is applied on tariff is 5.2% in Saudi Arabia and it is predefined as WTO. The development strategy provided good economic benefit from the perspective of the country as GDP grew almost 3.2% in annual average and inflation is increased average 4.5%. A report published by UNCTAD, Saudi Arabia is the third largest recipient of FDI in Asia and it is estimated to 7.43 billion (Doingbusiness.org 2017). FDI inflows in Saudi Arabia in the mining industry were 2.4% in 2015. Germany Germany has bureaucratic procedures and it is a little bit difficult to handle for the organisations that wish to enter the German market. The German trade policy has complex safety standards and it makes a complicated access for most of the US based products. Germany follows mainly EU based rules for export and import and TARIC is the governing body to determine the license for a particular product. German advocates FEP (Foreign Direct Policies) that can force to limit the market forces (Export.gov 2017). German has made a liberal camp with Netherland, Denmark, Finland and Sweden in trading and in international level, Germany is considered as competence for FDI and according to UNCTAD, Germany is considered as a 10th preferred country to do the business. As a member of OECD, Germany adheres to the capital movement and invisible operation (Cortizo and Keyt 2014). In the previous system, Germany had a boundary in foreign investment and it was used inbound investment. There is a restri ction on private direct investment and trading to Germany. In transport, waterways, airport and maritime transport, German policy states that foreign-owned company must be registered in the Federal Republic of Germany. Identification of potential dangers, risks and opportunities Risk and dangers in current policies of Saudi Arabia a) In recent time, Saudi Arabia is observing a downward trend in FDI flows as FDI inflows fell by 8.6% compared to 2015 (Dickson 2015). The reasons behind the investment slowed down are the social and political tensions and reduced accessed of credit, moreover, the policy of Sauditisation is another reason in lower FDI. Foreigners cannot invest directly in some of the sectors. b) Saudi Arabia has undertaken the reformation policy of foreign investment, however, a legal framework is disturbing in order to solve the commercial disputes. In applying the intellectual property, the companies are having issue and Government has applied a percentage to employ Saudi people in the companies. Government is making delay in signing the contract and making payment. It takes time For Saudi Arabia to establish legal entities to get the licences. c) Conservative culture of Saudi Arabia is another issue for expatriates and in the workplace, enforced segregation of sexes (Vassiliev 2013). The investors face hardship in identifying the suitable sponsors in the initial stage to enter the market and it is needed to find an appropriate Saudi partner. Opportunities a) Saudi Arabia provides strengths in business policy as it does not need taxation on personal income and it has proximity in gulf markets. b) Saudi Arabia is key members of the Gulf Cooperation Council and it is the largest economy as well as the population in the Gulf region (Salem 2016). Once, Saudi Arabia entered into WTO, FDI climate has been improved and this country's strong side is economic stability, large local market, mines, the high spending power of companies and customers and banking system. c) Investors and multinational companies are observing rapid diversification in investment in Saudi economy and government are making a massive investment in infrastructure, transport, education, energy and healthcare. In business, Saudi companies use English as a mode of communication. Risk and dangers in current police of Germany a) In the year 2015, the FDI reached to USD33 billion, however, the inflows decreased to USD 9.5 billion in 2016 (Export.gov 2017). However, the tax rate in the Germany is high because the Germany tries to control the export from the US. b) In Germany, public financial institutions are structurally high in deficit and Eastern part of the Germany is not so developed economically and it is trying to catch up the Western part. However, ageing population is another problem in the growth of the workforce. c) Germany has been facing the issue of financing by the EU and with German Federal entities and the German government does not help in the initial investment phase. Opportunities a) Germany has an opportunity in the powerful industrial network and the Germany has skilled labours equipped with technologies. Germany has the reliable infrastructure in doing the business economic and politically. The legal framework is helpful and it is situated in heart of the Europe. b) Germany has the largest population in EU and it has competitive taxation (Cecil 2015). c) Germany provides favourable incentives for investment to multinational companies to Research Development and to enter the market. Conclusions Between these two countries, Saudi Arabia would be more appropriate to enter for Rio Tinto. In recent time, Saudi Arabia has projected a growth rate of 9% in the mining industry and it is the third pillar of the economy. Saudi Arabia has Arabian Shield where rocks had core minerals of iron ore, bauxite, copper, gold and silver, however, the non-metallic minerals are abundant. Saudi Arabia government has given greater access to the foreign companies in the mining industry and it is estimated to provide $26 billion by the end of 2020 adding 25,000 employment. The Government of Saudi started to invest in infrastructure and government wants large privatisation programme to train the national workforce, enhance raw materials and foster economic development and stable exchange rate. In case of first-stage processed products, the tariff has 4.2% and fully-processed products, the tariff rate is 5.5%. The tariff escalation is observed from first to the final stage and mixed protection of tari ff is seen in the metallic and non-metallic mineral products. Rio Tinto will get assistance to expand the business in Gulf countries and these countries have mines and Saudi Arabia is one of the world's 25 largest economies with aiming the top in the Middle East. Saudi Arabia is providing substantial cost advantage with low domestic cost in industrial land and cost of energy. Rio Tinto could get free access to other MENA economies and GCC countries and enjoy good transport and infrastructure. Reference List Cecil, L., 2015. Albert Ballin: business and politics in imperial Germany, 1888-1918. Princeton University Press. Cortizo, F.R. and Keyt, B., 2013. Climate Change and Flood Protection in Germany: Business Opportunities. Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation, 2013(6), pp.7319-7321. Dickson, H.R.P., 2015. The Arab of the Desert (RLE Saudi Arabia): A Glimpse Into Badawin Life in Kuwait and Saudi Arabia (Vol. 1). Abingdon: Routledge. Doingbusiness.org. 2017. Doing Business in Saudi Arabia - World Bank Group. Available at: https://www.doingbusiness.org/data/exploreeconomies/saudi-arabia [Accessed on 11 Dec. 2017]. En.portal.santandertrade.com. 2017. Business practices in Saudi Arabia - Santandertrade.com. Available at: https://en.portal.santandertrade.com/establish-overseas/saudi-arabia/business-practices [Accessed on 11 Dec. 2017]. En.portal.santandertrade.com. 2017. Operating a business in Germany - Santandertrade.com. Available at: https://en.portal.santandertrade.com/establish-overseas/germany/operating-a-business [Accessed on 11 Dec. 2017]. Export.gov. 2017. Germany - 1-Openness to Restrictions upon Foreign Investment | export.gov. Available at: https://www.export.gov/article?id=Germany-Openness-to-and-Restrictions-upon-Foreign-Investment [Accessed on 11 Dec. 2017]. Hill, C.W., Jones, G.R. and Schilling, M.A., 2014. Strategic management: theory: an integrated approach. London: Cengage Learning. Peppard, J. and Ward, J., 2016. The strategic management of information systems: Building a digital strategy. New Jersey: John Wiley Sons. Riotinto.com. 2017. About Rio Tinto. Available at: https://www.riotinto.com/about-us-108.aspx [Accessed on 11 Dec. 2017]. Salem, M.I., 2016. The role of business incubators in the economic development of Saudi Arabia. The International Business Economics Research Journal (Online), 13(4), p.853. Vassiliev, A., 2013. The History of Saudi Arabia. London: Saqi. Wright Jr, J.W. ed., 2016. Business and economic development in Saudi Arabia. Berlin: Springer.

Role of Religion in Early American Literature Essay Example

Role of Religion in Early American Literature Essay Role of Religion in Early American Literature American Literature, especially of the early settler and colonial period is marked by a deep sense of religion and a stress upon writing about matters related to religion. The development of early American literature thus can be seen to be a reflection of the religious ideals followed by the early settlers and colonists and it became a means of promoting a moral and ethical way of life. Early American literature is filled with an obvious expression of religion and its redeeming power as well as an acknowledgment of its strength to help human beings bear adversity and triumph in difficult situations. The power of religion, as expressed in early American literature deals more with a sense of gratefulness to God for giving courage to the new settlers and this is seen in the works of Mary Rowlandson, who, in writing of her long captivity by the natives expressed continuously her gratefulness to God for giving her courage in those difficult times. The profound role of religion in early American literature is also understood in the context of the religious nature of the earliest settlers in America, the Puritans. The reason the Puritans had made the voyage across the Atlantic and to America was for reasons of practicing their faith and writing provided a means to lay down their expectations from their new life and the hard work needed to sustain life was enhanced by stories of fortitude and courage. The religious component of American literature can also be understood in relation to the strong influence exerted by the Puritans in the early years of settlement. We will write a custom essay sample on Role of Religion in Early American Literature specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Role of Religion in Early American Literature specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Role of Religion in Early American Literature specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer An inherently religious group, the writings of the Puritans consisted mainly of sermons, hymns and poetry and journals of their lives. These journals, being a record of their daily lives were imbued with religious ideas because of the important role played by religion in the daily lives of the people and the stress upon hard work as one of the ways to serve God. The role of religion in early American literature can also be traced to the importance placed on learning and education among the Puritans. While the Puritans are generally perceived as hard working and God fearing people, they were also a highly educated people and their education found its expression in their writings. Their writings reflected their engrained beliefs, especially religion which was integral to their existence and hence early American literature is infused with religiosity. The role of religion in the literature of this period can also be attributed to the journals kept by the early settlers who recorded their daily life with precision. Religion became central to their journals because Puritanism called for reflection on the spiritual and this was expressed in their writings, which became records of their religious experiences and thus filled with religious ideas. The period when America saw the influx of British settlers in its lands was also the time when the Bible was put in the hands of the common man and greater number of people had access to religious writing. The settlers carried the holy book with them, which was a source of inspiration and sustenance for them in their trying times. The simplicity of the early American literature can be traced to the simple writing style characterized by the Bible and its religious message. The role of religion in early American literature is extremely pervasive and it forms the obvious theme for most written work composed during the period. The highly religious nature of the early settlers and their deep seated belief in God and his mercy is shown in these writings, giving it a distinctly religious tone.