Pilgrimage Toward Social Equality

The Emancipation Proclamation of 1863 proclaiming African’s opportunity from subjection and formally making them some portion of the United States was ordered a century before Martin Luther King Jr’s chronicled discourse calling for social equity and cancelation of racial victimization African Americans. Between the two recorded periods, the dark networks all over America have endured unobtrusive and savage types of segregation and mistreatment from the whites. The dark network strived to seal their place in the public eye in the midst of threatening vibe and negative criticisms.One short story that very well outlines their battles is Ralph Ellison’s Battle Royal. The story gives an unmistakable portrayal of a dark man’s journey to conquer abuse from an excessively supremacist network governed by the monetarily ground-breaking white men and to discover his chance to shape the predetermination of his kin. This paper intends to give a distinctive introductio n of heartless and savage mistreatment that the African Americans experienced in Southern America before picking up their voice and spot in American society.Battle Royal was described in a first-individual point of view with an anonymous storyteller. He recommends that twenty years back, he has been battling to locate his own character through different people’s acknowledgment and insistence. He further clarified that his predicament for self revelation established from his grandfather’s final words on his deathbed, â€Å"Live with your head in the lion’s mouth. I need you to defeat ‘em, with yeses, subvert ‘em with smiles, concur ‘em to death and pulverization. Let ‘em swoller you till they regurgitation or bust wide open.† (Ellison, 2000, p 935) He calls his grandfather’s lines a â€Å"curse† frequenting him at whatever point he feels acknowledged as the storyteller portrays, â€Å"When I was applauded for my chann el, I felt a blame that here and there, I was accomplishing something that was truly against the desires of the white people, that in the event that they had comprehended they would have wanted me to act the polar opposite, that I ought to have been gloomy and mean, and that they truly would have been what they needed, despite the fact that they were tricked and thought they needed me to go about as I did.†(Ellison, 936) The narrator’s explanation speaks to his outlook of his activities and demeanor toward the white people. His current in part confounded attitude is impacted by his grandfather’s words. In layman’s term, his grandfather’s words can be made an interpretation of to a source of inspiration to battle a decent battle by acting as indicated by the opponent’s will until they take all of you in with acknowledgment until they destruct themselves in their own volition.One such occurrence where the speaker became acknowledged and triumph ant is the point at which he conveyed a graduation discourse, which he portrays by saying, â€Å"On my graduation day I conveyed an address in which I demonstrated that modesty was the mystery, for sure, the very pith of progress. (Not that I accepted this †how might I, recollecting my granddad? †I just accepted that it worked)† (Ellison 938). His discourse got honors from his teachers that he was allowed the chance to convey it again in a â€Å"gathering of the town’s most driving white citizens†.When he showed up at the setting where he should convey his discourse, he was educated that before conveying his discourse, he needs to join the Battle Royal. The lodging he’s in at that point was without a doubt brimming with financially influential individuals all spruced up with their tuxedos, inebriating themselves with bourbon, and getting themselves a decent spot among the seats conveniently arranged along the three corners of the ring. Inside th e ring, a pool of dark men were arranged blindfolded and had to do participate in a brutal boxing war against each other.After painful snapshots of battling like headless chickens on the ring, the storyteller had the option to see somewhat behind his blindfold. His mindfulness empowered him to keep a decent battle without causing to notice himself so the white men wouldn’t notice that he’s beginning to avoid his hits. Toward the finish of the first round, the storyteller stayed on the ring along with the greatest kid in the gathering to battle. While they were battling it out on the ring, the storyteller attempted to haggle with his rival by scripting the battle and he’ll give him an extent of the triumphant pot.His adversary cannot and they kept on battling until the storyteller was taken out. Figuratively, the narrator’s startling fight before conveying his discourse is an emblematic portrayal of the African American’s long periods of agonies and battles before they were allowed to be heard. The fight imperial may well speak to the battles that dark men wage against one another fair to pick up cash, position, and unmistakable quality, similar to the instance of the narrator’s opponent.The idea of the warriors blindfolded can be mention to a portion of the dark men’s visual deficiency of permitting the financially amazing white men to utilize them as a methods for amusement as though they were monstrosities of nature. After the first round, the contenders were then gotten out again for another round of movement where they were pulled in to scourge over gold coins and bills dispersed in a floor covering. They asked the contenders to assemble the coins for themselves saying it’s all great â€Å"American cash†. All the while, they before long found that the carpet was electrified.This portrayal underlined the white men’s bigotry through savage treatment to the dark men, as they treat them like creatures. At the point when the show finished, all the members were paid and the storyteller was going to leave the bad dream when the MC got back to him to convey his discourse in the assembly of inebriated individuals who have before picked up joy through his torments. The storyteller continued to convey his Booker T. Washington enlivened discourse while attempting to hide his throbbing physical make-up while swallowing down his blood.The storyteller portrayed that his crowd proceeded with their unending talking and chuckling as he conveys his discourse and however he was enticed to accomplish something different, the nearness of the school director who is still intently tuning in to him propped him up. During the time spent his speech and gulping his own blood, the storyteller incidentally hollered â€Å"social equality†, an expression had â€Å"often seen censured in paper articles, heard bantered out in the open. † (Ellison, 940)Upon expressing the word, a profo und quieted secured the entire room and the storyteller got threatening responses from his inebriated crowd, until a mustached man asked him forthright what he just stated, and he found the opportunity to address himself. The examiner at that point inquired as to whether he’s not being shrewd and that social uniformity was for sure a slip-up. The storyteller gestured and the man dropped this announcement, â€Å"We intend to make you proud, however you’ve became acquainted with your place consistently. † (Ellison, 944)This man’s incredible proclamation is a general portrayal of the white men’s disposition towards bigotry over the negroes. They know about such segregation, however they gain delight in regarding them as second rate individuals as it continually takes care of them the sentiment of prevalence and force. The man’s explanation may have good intentions as to change the narrator’s current status however he orders him to keep h is head and mouth in its’ legitimate spot. Upon the finish of his discourse, he was welcomed with commendations as though the whole crowd tuned in with such a great amount of energy to his speech.The school administrator at that point came up to the phase to give him a blessing a grant to the State College of Negroes. He at that point went to the storyteller and tended to him, â€Å"Prize it. Continue creating as you are and sometime in the future, it will be loaded up with significant papers that will help shape the predetermination of your kin. † (Ellison, 947) The grant the storyteller got is an image of an open door introduced to him to â€Å"shape the fate of his people†. That by heading off to college, he may turn out to be progressively proficient and capable in order to make a superior society for his people.The grant turns into the initial step to his journey towards social equity. Fight Royal is a convincing short story that Ralph Ellison in the end ma de it the primary part of his enormously acclaimed novel, the â€Å"Invisible Man†. Each dark man in that stunning period may have been spoken to by the anonymous storyteller and all the torment he was exacted during the Battle Royal is a portrayal of each dark man’s torment and battle for years.If the perusers at that period see it as a moral story to the unforgiving states of the African American individuals inside the American culture, it would have been a reminder to the individuals who were persecuted to join together and to those oppressors to change the general public. References: Ellison, Ralph. â€Å"Battle Royal. † Making Literature Matter. Ed. John Schilb and John Clifford. Boston: Bedford, 2000. Ellison, Ralph Waldo. Undetectable Man. New York: Random House, 1952.

Deep Ocean and Abyssal Communities free essay sample

Investigation of profound sea and deep networks is a difficult obligation for researchers. Remote ocean Exploration plans to study and inspect the various states of the sea †genuinely, synthetically, and organically. Such is being directed for both logical and business reasons. Testing all things considered, the investigation of deep networks despite everything sits tight for additional disclosures and forward leaps whenever contrasted and different fields of research. Considering deep networks presents dangers to the people mindful in playing out the activity. Their wellbeing and security must be guaranteed. Exceptional remote ocean machines or submarines are required to be utilized. In spite of the fact that with late advancements and scholarly creators, the issue on the devices and machines to be utilized isn't to a greater degree an issue. The difficulties or emergencies concern force and correspondence, since these are submerged inquires about. Above everything, the best test for profound sea researchers are cash and manpower.â They should get important money related awards and backing from willing and fit foundations. We will compose a custom paper test on Profound Ocean and Abyssal Communities or on the other hand any comparative point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page II. Coral Reefs and Human Activities 2. The Florida coral reefs, just as numerous Caribbean coral reef networks are compromised by human exercises. Talk about what these exercises are and what possible ways are there to secure these differing marine networks. One of the problems that are begging to be addressed concerning marine life is the declining strength of what is considered as the ocean’s tropical woods †the coral reefs.â Being home to an extraordinary decent variety of species, it stays a disturbing issue that these networks are persistently compromised by various human exercises. People are held subject for a portion of the exercises that wreck the coral reefs. One of these is the damaging angling rehearses. Being a monetary methods, angling is one of the exercises routinely done by the fisher people, who now and then hotel to unlawful or unforgiving angling strategies. Instances of which are explosive angling, which upon blast, quickly tears down the encompassing reefsâ â and utilizing fish nets with extremely little gaps, which catches even the little fishes that are not yet prepared for getting are as yet flourishing in the reefs. This in the long run prompts unevenness in the marine biological system. Another human movement harming the coral reefs is water contamination. Synthetic compounds, business and private squanders make the water unfortunate for this marine network. Various specialists of contamination cloud the water that discourage or keep daylight from getting into the corals. More awful, this in the end prompts the total annihilation or demise of the corals. The marine life forms make some troublesome memories vieing for the constrained daylight they get. One deliberate technique for obliterating coral reefs is for another monetary reason. Jumpers break the awesome corals, which later will be sold as gift things. On this note, customers must be cautioned that they ought not buy these things as it isn't permitted to take or get any species during jumping or swimming. With every one of these exercises people are liable of, there ought to be stricter execution of approaches supporting the security of marine life. There must be predictable checking of the exercises directed in the marine networks. One of the more significant techniques is to make mindfulness and gratefulness among the individuals of the noteworthy environmental elements of these differing coral reefs so they can likewise go about as guardians rather than destroyers. Increasingly instructive crusades and projects must be propelled. After the mindfulness stage ought to be the contribution procedure. The people group and the recipients of the water assets ought to be educated to build up a feeling of proprietorship that will cause them to ensure and monitor the assets they profit by. Reference: Encarta. Recovered, April 30, 2007, from http://www.encarta.com/

How Product Packaging Affects Buying Decisions

How Product Packaging Affects Buying Decisions There are at least two types of shoppers. There are those who have a shopping list, whether physical or mental, go to the store, pick what they need and leave.Then there are those who have a shopping list, just like the other group, but once in the store, they somehow forget it.These are those who know what they need, what they want and everything in between.But upon seeing the options available, even if none of them is really new, they start wondering what to pick.Which kind of shopper are you?Chances are that you struggle in staying focused when shopping. You suddenly realize how good a product looks and strongly feel that it’s a good one to buy.The looks of a product has a direct effect on it’s attractiveness. The more attractive the product is, the higher the chances of it being bought.This can only mean one thing: the packaging of a product is not by chance. It’s deliberate. In fact, it’s part of the manufacturer’s strategy to drive more sales.If you find yourself unab le to resist the charm of a product’s package, then know that the people behind the packaging are good at what they do. If you have a business or intend to start one soon, you can learn a lot from this.Let’s look at how product packaging helps companies make more sales and hopefully, more profits.HOW PRODUCT PACKAGES LEAD TO MORE SALESWhen you buy something, you’re interested in what’s inside the package and not the package itself. But how did you end up picking that specific product? Why that brand?Reasons for buying from a specific brand are many. But one thing for sure is that you consider the package.You may love the brand so much that you don’t mind a plain old and boring package. However, if you could just admit it, you really wish such a brand could improve on their packaging efforts.You probably see better-looking products but choose your preferred brand for quality or even health reasons.So why can’t you avoid liking that package even if you’re not buying the product?As a human being, some things are just natural and hard to resist.You’re naturally pulled to attractive things and will even want them for yourself. In some cases, especially if your desires have greater control of your decision-making process, you can even borrow in order to experience that good thing.Your logic and emotions are always fighting to control your will power.As that battle rages, someone somewhere is hoping your emotions win the battle so he makes money from that victory.Marketers all over the world target your emotions because they have scientific proof that emotions are more powerful than logic.Products are therefore designed to be attractive, not so that they look good, but to entice you to buy. It’s almost like a temptation to do something you’re not willing to do.A new company knows that you’re fond of the established company’s products.For that reason, you’re likely to buy from them and not a new company. So, together with other marketing effo rts, they have to ensure their product does a few things.Here are three of them:Catch your attention â€" if you walked into a retail store of any kind and some items caught your attention, it may not be accidental. The manufacturer did a good job in making the product attractive and the store employee positioned it at the right place.Once your attention goes to something, you become interested. That is the first step towards buying. To a sales person or marketer, showing interest means you want to buy, whether you have the money or not.Trigger your emotions â€" but often, you won’t buy simply because the product is attractive. Although some people may, not you. You’re smarter than that, right?Yeah, right, but maybe, just maybe, the people behind the brand are smarter than you think. If you have ever found yourself buying things on impulse, there’s your proof.You fell for something and that was the emotional trigger that was attached to the product’s package.Emotional trigger s work by pulling the strings connected to your historical or present situation. They make you remember something, good or bad, and show you how much you need to act.An example is where you see a product and remember the fun moments you had with your friends the last time you bought the it. You know that the product is great because you enjoyed it last time.Since seeing it makes you want the experience, you start thinking of buying it.Speak to your situation â€" with the trigger pulled, other aspects of the package speak to you and offer solutions which you realize are just what you need. If your logic is still wielding its influence, you may pull your phone out and do some research on the product ingredients.If your emotions are at the driver’s seat, then picking the product, happy to solve your problems, is the natural thing to do. You’re happy and so is the manufacturer of the product. Everyone wins.This doesn’t mean that marketers and businesses in general take advantage o f you.It just means that businesses have embraced science. They make good use of scientific research to increase their sales and profits.HOW PRODUCTS ARE PACKAGED FOR MAXIMUM SALESUnless you’re keen and maybe even know a thing or two about marketing, you may not be able to recognize these truths.But from this article, you’ll be able to learn the thinking behind product packages.With that knowledge, any time you look at products and feel drawn to them, you can take a step back and see what is happening.Here are the things which constitute marketing through product packaging.Package ShapeThe shape of the package may not seem like much. But despite the fact that what truly matters is what is inside, the outside does matter too.Think about luxury cars. In essence, they all have almost the same things but the exterior is what draws all the attention. Once you’re attracted by the outside, chances of loving what’s inside are increased.The shape of the package is majorly used to dra w your attention to the product. And the good thing about shape is that there is a lot of flexibility that can be applied.Packages don’t have to be square, round, triangle etc. Such shapes are okay and can serve the purpose in certain cases. But let’s face it. They are quite boring.A creative designer can come up with a shape that’s quite out of the norm. Such a shape will stand out and catch your attention from a distance. It is that uniqueness that will be responsible for making you interested.The shape of the package is also used to distinguish it from others. It’s an opportunity to create a unique feel once the product is in your hands.This unique feel will then create memories and if you like it, you’ll most likely buy the same product again and again.Why?You want to experience that feel. The shape has become part of the product. If that shape was to change to something else, your satisfaction from using the product will also change. You might even stop buying it.Colo rsColors are also important. In fact, the colors used on a package might as well be the ones attracting you to the product in the first place. The creative use of colors can easily make a product stand out in a shelf full of similar products.And with your attention drawn to it, that becomes the beginning of your product experience.Colors have a powerful effect and the brain interprets them differently. It has also been shown that colors trigger emotional responses. Even in offices, certain colors are used in favor of others.The colors on product packages are deliberately chosen so as to trigger specific emotional responses. This is called the psychology of colors and marketers use it to encourage you to buy from them. Source: HuffPostHere are a few colors and what they’re likely to make you feel or expect from the product.Yellow/orange â€" these two colors can be used differently but often cause you to feel and expect some happy moments. They brighten you up and almost get you thinking of time with friends or family. Ads about fun activities and vacations often feature these colors.Red â€" red is a powerful color and in different situations may be used to send different messages. This color is often used in two ways: to depict danger or create excitement.Products which should be carefully handled will include the red color as a warning. The text might also be in red. On the other hand, this color can also be used to create feelings of excitement. Toys and games often include portions of the packaging done in red color.Green â€" this is the color of the environment. Green signifies a friendliness to the environment. It also ignites feelings of harmony and growth.White â€" white is quite versatile and can be used in many ways. It’s often used as a background color then other colors are used to bring the desired effect. White symbolizes simplicity and purity. As an example, you’ll find milk packets full of the color white.White also symbolizes innocence and purity. As such, children’s products will often be in white packages. The color itself will tell you that it’s important to keep the product and package clean to maintain the purity.Black â€" black is also versatile and appears in many places. However, in many times, black is used to convey power. Have you ever noticed that many premium products, especially for men, are black or packaged in black? The message to men is that they’ll be associated with power.ImagesAs social media will tell you, images are powerful. They communicate better than plain text. Images are also more attractive to the human brain than text because the brain understands things visually.When you read a story for example, your brain uses the words written to paint an image which it then interprets for your understanding. The more descriptive the words, the better the image painted by your brain.The power of images comes from the fact that the brain sees them as semi-processed inputs.If the brain creates images from text so that you can understand, what happens when it receives an image?It’s work significantly reduces. You get to understand more quickly and the brain is able to dedicate its resources to other things.When images are included in product packages, they give you a better experience than when they’re missing.Package TransparencyHave you ever noticed that very few products get packed in such a way that you can’t see what’s inside?It’s intended by the manufacturer that you see what is inside. It’s usually part of the marketing strategy.You must be shown what you’re buying, even if you’ll be shown just a small part of it. In fact, it’s only in few cases that you’ll be shown a huge part of wha t you’re buying.This is meant to raise your expectation so that your desire for the product increases. In seeing part of it, you’ll want to buy it so you can open and experience the whole of it.In some products like cooking oil, the package might be completely transparent. The package is usually a transparent glass or plastic bottle.This can be used to show you the quality of the product or some subtle differences between two versions. For instance, the renowned healthy olive oil comes in various versions.Two common types are the extra virgin and light oils. Using a transparent bottle, it’s easier to see the difference between the two even without anyone explaining it to you. You can tell that the one which is darker has something which the other one doesn’t have.Depending on your needs, knowledge of the differences, you can make a purchasing decision faster and better. Thus if one brand packed the two oils in bottles which don’t show you the difference immediately, you’ ll likely go with the one showing it.Packaging MaterialThe material used to package products also plays a role in helping you decide whether to buy or not. This can be a determining factor especially for the environment-conscious customer.In many places in the world, plastic is considered bad for the environment. They cannot be disposed of well and even burning doesn’t help. In fact burning is worse for the environment.If you are environment-conscious, you’ll likely be displeased by plastic packaging. And if that’s all that there is in the market, a brand using recyclable material will surely stand out and win your love.If your love for the environment is strong enough, you can even go further than that. You might even decide to compromise on quality for the sake of supporting the environment-conscious company.Logos and Brand NamesLogos and brand names also have a role to play in the package of a product. It may seem as if they are there just for the sake of identifying the ma nufacturer of the product. But that is not the whole story.For established businesses or brands, just their name alone is enough to sell a product. For that reason, the inclusion of the company logo and brand name is more than for identification purposes. Take an example of two Macbooks placed side by side. One has the Apple logo while the other has the logo of another company. Which one do you think will be bought as a Macbook?Despite the similar looks, the one with a logo different from Apple’s will be taken to be an imitation of the real thing.Try the same experiment with say, Dell laptops designed for the business executive. Have one with the Dell logo and the other with the Apple logo.As long as you’re selling to someone who prefers Apple, they would believe the Dell laptop with Apple’s logo is made by Apple. The logo alone can make him buy.TypographyThe other element of the package is the typography. This is all about the fonts used to display text information on the pac kage.Fonts are important and are a crucial part of the message being communicated.For example, when writing formal letters, it’s usually advisable to write in Times New Roman or Arial fonts. Using some fancy fonts like those used by graphic designers might cause your message not to be taken seriously.If that was an application for a job, you’re likely to miss the opportunity despite your qualification.Another example is that of a wedding card. The fonts used when designing a wedding card cannot be the same as those used in formal letters.The same applies to products. Depending on the purpose of the product and the targeted customer, the fonts used will differ greatly.Product InformationAnother significant part of the package is the product information available. This is especially important in this age of heightened health concerns.Product information is easily seen in food products.With many Americans keen on reducing their intake of calories, the information provided on a prod uct’s package has become important. And with industry regulators pushing manufacturers to disclose information, the customer is now empowered.The manufacturer who wants to encourage customers to pick his product prints more information. But it’s not just any information but the information likely to get you to prefer one product over the other.A good example can be seen in two make-up products both said to lighten the skin color. One could have information about how it works whereas the other, additionally has the label “paraben-free.”For anyone familiar with the discussions about parabens, they know, almost instinctively, that what they need to take is the one written “paraben-free.”Even without knowing what exactly paraben is, it’s easy to associate it with something bad or dangerous. Since no-one wants dangerous products in their home, won’t it be better to buy the one free of harmful ingredients?CONCLUSIONA product’s package may seem to have very little use to a consumer once it’s time to use it.But do you see how big a role it plays in the decision making process?The knowledge used by the package designers can be used by anyone designing any product’s package.And for those shopping moments, you now know why you keep buying that product which looks so good.

Social Media and Society Negatively Influence Gender Roles

Social media and society negatively influence gender roles and perpetuates stereotypical gender behavior. These influences can be found in sports, school, the arts, and the workplace. No matter what stage of life a person is in they will continue to be bombarded by the harshness of stereotypes. However, between the ages of 9 and 15 people are at their most vulnerable state because they are evaluating the people around them and are able to see how media perceives gender roles. Although, men are affected by these stereotypes women are usually the main target for these stereotypes. Nevertheless, new studies show that women are beginning to step out of the stay at home mold and are being critiqued for their involvement in certain careers such as the military, medicine, and advancement in technology. Many believe that men are the leading cause for the development of these stereotypes, however this is not true. Indeed, many men may be anti-feminist but there are quite a few women who belie ve that it is a woman’s natural duty to work in the home. When approaching the controversial topic of gender roles people need to consider the many factors that influence and enforce gender roles and at what point they are the most influential in a person’s life. People no matter what age they are, are affected by perpetual gender prejudices. However, the age at which everyone is the most vulnerable is between the ages of 9 and 15. At these ages kids are just beginning to find themselves.Show MoreRelatedMedia And Its Effects On Society976 Words   |  4 PagesIn today’s society if one were to walk down a populated sidewalk, it would seem merely impossible to spot a sole not twiddling away on their phone. With an entire world unfolding at their fingertips, we witness a society that has become addicted to media. 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This idea of a consumerist society causes women to become objects of desire and victims of suppression, impacting their individual identities. The concept of consumerism allows Vogue to profit materially, targeting certain aspects of culture through three methodological tools of r esearch, such as ethnography, textual

Top Choices of Esperanza Rising Essay Samples

Top Choices of Esperanza Rising Essay Samples Have students stand beside their desk. This has totally altered the way that people contact with one another. If you wish to get a finished paper at an affordable price, you're in the area you want! The two of these offers she refuses. It's a byproduct of the web, of mass communication and data. Don't be afraid to turn into one of our successful clients. Esperanza Rising Essay Samples - Dead or Alive? The Meeting Students' Needs column in every lesson consists of support for the two ELLs and Universal Design for Learning (UDL), and a few supports can serve a wide selection of student requirements. Fix It Editing is a significant portion of any writing toolbox. Use details from the story to back up your viewpoint. Speak to us and find the best academic essay writing service and get rid of all of the feasible mistakes! In addition, it shows that we ought to learn how to appreciate the present as we don't understand when our l ife could come to a finish. They wish to instill this trait in their son. Th technique is to produce theinformation approachable, and create the reader care about what's being said. Yet it turned out to be an amazing example to provide their family members and children that sort of advise, not letting them down. Type of Esperanza Rising Essay Samples A best mother is someone that's caring, providing, and comprehension. Yet this fantastic depression affected all people in the significance of poor, rich folks. It gives her a very good lesson of her life that there's no life without difficulties. I will deal with everything. Firstly, people are able to request help timely when encountering troubles. Supplying the fundamental necessities is quite important to the bodily and mental health of a kid. Though there's no concrete evidence to definitely affirm the presence of aliens, it's probable that there's intelligent life in the cosmos. Esperanza's grandmother utilizes the z igzag pattern within her blanket for a method of explaining the ups and downs of life. She's no longer terrified of get downing over. When things are simple, you're at the very top of a mountain. Waiting to get up the cover of the mountain, and have an outstanding success. Life at the job camp is hard and unfair, especially in contrast to Esperanza's previous position of wealth. 9 Describe the function of Marta in connection with Esperanza in the novel. It is recommended. This activity should be started the day before you mean to play the game. These activities are for the entire class to participate in at the same time. The growth of technology changes the way that people interact with one another. There's much room for treatment concerning what rights citizens should hold. She'd ever hold fancy frocks and a stunning place full of retainers. Also, the majority of the students were made to drop out of school to aid their families in earning a living. What Does Espera nza Rising Essay Samples Mean? She doesn't accept this either. Throughout the novel, they have to start over repeatedly. The Esperanza Rising Essay Samples Cover Up What's more, aside from the countless papers on unique subjects, you may have a number of other responsibilities which require substantial attention. Also, you are going to interest the reader and represent your competence in a particular issue. Some might also think there are cases where the government may think deportation is a fantastic concept, even though the book's point of view wouldn't support this. We promise you will never regret your choice! Review the next sample for a foundation for your own writing, but note that it's shorter than a standard essay. Thus, the essay for our staff it is simpler than ever.

How to Deal with Difficult People Free Essays

I work at JC Penney’s and I hear griping all the time from other associates and definitely from customers. Even I gripe about how work does not get finished. My job is to bring out merchandise from the stockroom so I can hang them up on racks. We will write a custom essay sample on How to Deal with Difficult People or any similar topic only for you Order Now Every morning after I clock in we have to get our bags so we can put our money in the registers. Right as I leave to get my cart from the stockroom a customer always has a return. It never fails that someone has to return. This customer wanted to return a pair of jeans without a receipt or tags. It is hard to explain to a customer our policy if she doesn’t want to listen. I told her the policy was that if she wanted to return something she would have to have a receipt or the tags. She wanted me to call management since she knew someone that worked there. I call the operator and ask to see if there were any managers available. The operator told me that there was no one available until noon. I knew after I hung up the customer would not be happy. The irritation arose when the customer said, â€Å"Well I don’t have until noon I want my money now! † After telling her again that no one was available she was just standing there with her arms crossed wanting her money back. After a few minutes I finally decided to tell her that she can exchange it for the same thing she had. You aren’t supposed to do that but that was the only thing I could think of right then. That idea had worked. I could finally get her off my back and get on with my work. She went to get another pair of jeans. She wasn’t happy with what she got but we both apologized for the mess and that was it. I finally made it to the stock room to get my cart. Most of the clothes I put out needs to have a security ink tag on the sleeve. The people who work in the stock room are supposed to hang and put one on each article of clothing. I can not take anything out of the stock room until they are hung right and ink tagged. I went over to the associate and asked her why they haven’t been ink tagged. She gave me a nasty look and said that I could do it. That part takes up to much time so I can’t get my work finished. I told the lady I wasn’t going to take out the cart until it was done right. There were about eight people working in the stockroom at the same time so you would figure the cart would be finished. Another lady decided to quit what she was doing to complete the job. While I was back out on the floor arranging for the clothes to all fit on the racks she brings the cart out to me instead of me having to go back there and get it for myself. She told me that the other girl that didn’t do the tagging wasn’t feeling to well and wanted to get out of there as soon as possible so that was why she didn’t do it. I told her that I was mad or anything I just wanted to get this cart out so I could get another cart. The phone rang as I was getting ready to put shorts out and it was my manager. She told me over the phone that if they don’t have time to do something in the back that you should be able to finish the job on your own. I told her that it wasn’t our job to ink tag the clothes. Even the people in the back were told from management that they had to do it. I didn’t even have any ink tags to do it anyway. She told me that it was ok and I went on with my work. Later in the evening when my work was just about complete I was ringing up a customer and this lady stormed up to the register with an New World Order wrestling shirt. The shirt was from the Children’s Department and I work in the Men’s Department clear on the other side of the store. I asked her if she needed any help. She started complaining about how these shirts are a disgrace to our children and shouldn’t be sold in stores. Waiting to check out about she was preaching to me and the other customers of how it will influence children to fight and get hurt. As I was just standing there I could feel the heat arise in my body because I didn’t know what to tell her. I just told her that this is the in-thing and it is a big seller for kids. She snapped back at me wanting to speak to a manager. I called management and they came right away. The customer started going on and on to her about the same thing and the manager told her she was sorry how this clothing has an effect on her and should not buy it if she doesn’t like it. We are not the only store that sells this article of clothing. The manager offered her a ten-dollar gift certificate but the customer refused saying she will never shop here again. She simply threw the shirt on the counter and everyone in line was staring at me. The next person in line said that I shouldn’t have to put up with people like that. That lady was rude to cut in line to argue about some clothes. I was talking to her how there were stores all over the world selling wrestling shirts. The griping customer saw that I was busy so she came to interrupt my work. I just forgot about what happened and went back to doing my work. Gripers today are found every-where you go. If you want to quit griping just try to keep whatever you want to gripe about to yourself and then there won’t be any problems or arguments. How to cite How to Deal with Difficult People, Essay examples

Term Paper on Advanced Theories of Urban and Regional Planning

Planning Theory The meaning of planning theory depends on the context in which it is defined. There are two categories of planning theories namely, the procedural and the substantive theories. The procedural category encompasses the theories of planning, whereas the substantive consists of the theories in planning (Galloway Mahayni, 1977, pp. 62-69).Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Term Paper on Advanced Theories of Urban and Regional Planning specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In the procedural context, planning theory refers to the underlying ideologies, purposes, principles, and values in the planning process (Galloway Mahayni, 1977, pp. 62-69). In the substantive context, planning theory refers to the descriptive and predictive body of knowledge about the morphology and functioning of a city. Generally, planning theory can be perceived as the tools and techniques that facilitate planning processes such a s data generation and communication. Importance of Planning Theory The main objective of planning theory is to enable planners to determine the circumstances under which human activities can lead to creation of a better city that benefits all its residence (Fainstein, 2005, pp. 121-130). In this context, planning theory has the following benefits. First, it establishes the relationship between planning procedures and the expected outcomes. This helps planners to identify appropriate planning procedures in order to achieve the desired outcomes. Second, planning theory provides guidelines for determining the attributes of an ideal city. For instance, Friedmann (2000, pp. 460-471) states that a good city should have adequate housing and affordable healthcare. By considering these elements, planners are able to meet the expectations of citizens concerning the acceptable standards of living within a city. Finally, planning theory provides a framework for choosing the best strategies for planning and developing a city that satisfies the needs of its residents. It facilitates identification of the bottlenecks that are likely to hinder the design and development of a good city. Types of Planning Theories There are three types of planning theories namely, the substantive, procedural, and normative theories. Procedural theory focuses on the planning process, by providing a framework for transferring knowledge into the actual activities associated with planning. Thus, it encompasses procedural issues such as making decisions, selecting participants in the planning process, and identifying the best planning processes. Substantive theory provides the knowledge base that planners use to develop city plans (Healey, 1992, pp. 143-162). It includes the theories associated with the various disciplines that are relevant in the planning process. Normative theory is concerned with the role of planning in the society. According to the normative theory, planning facilitates achievem ent of specific economic, historic, and political objectives that improve the lives of all citizens (Normativity in urban planning, n.d, pp. 76-99).Advertising Looking for term paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Justification of Planning From an economic perspective, planning is a form of intervention that is justified by the following reasons. First, planning helps in correcting market failure (Normativity in urban planning, n.d, pp. 76-99). A free market is considered to have failed if it cannot facilitate efficient and equitable distribution of goods. Public goods are often not provided by the private market because they are non-rivalrious and non-appropriable. This leads to market failure that can be avoided through planning for the provision of public goods. Second, planning helps in the prevention of negative externalities such as pollution (Normativity in urban planning, n.d, pp. 76-99). Third , the government can prevent the prisoner’s dilemma by mobilizing the citizens to combine their efforts to achieve a common goal. The prisoner’s dilemma is a situation where a person cannot achieve a certain objective by acting independently. Finally, planning helps in addressing the problem of the tragedy of the commons that occurs when a shared resource is depleted due to uncontrolled usage by its beneficiaries. This problem can be eliminated through plans that either regulate the use of the resource or expand it in response to the increase in demand. The Rational Synoptic Approach to Planning In synoptic planning, the systems perspective is adopted to articulate and to solve planning problems. This involves using mathematical models that establish the link between ends and means (Hudson, 1979, pp. 387-396). Ends refer to the objectives that planners intend to achieve through planning, whereas means refer to the available resources and the constraints associated with the planning process. The effectiveness of synoptic planning depends on the availability of quantitative data and analytical tools that enable planners to achieve their objectives. The synoptic planning process has four stages. In the first stage, planners set the goals that they intend to achieve through planning. The second stage involves identification of the policies that can be employed to achieve the objectives of the plan (Hudson, 1979, pp. 387-396). At the third stage, the available resources (means) are evaluated against the identified objectives (ends). The fourth stage involves implementation of the policy identified in stage two. It is worth noting that planners do not have to follow these stages sequentially since they are intertwined.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Term Paper on Advanced Theories of Urban and Regional Planning specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Although the synoptic approach i s superior to other planning methods in terms of simplicity, it has several weaknesses. To begin with, synoptic planning promotes centralization of planning activities such as problem definition and decision-making, thereby reducing the participation of the public in the planning process (Hudson, 1979, pp. 387-396). The synoptic approach fails to acknowledge the fact that some planners have cognitive limits that hinder them from developing optimum solutions. The synoptic approach is also criticized because it presumes the general public interest instead of the pluralist interest. Process Verses Outcome The democratic proceduralists believe that process is the most important element of planning. Thus, planners should always focus on following democratic procedures to develop plans that lead to achievement of public interest. This perspective is opposed by the Kantian idealists who believe that the most important aspect of planning is its outcome. In this regard, planners should focus on the outcomes rather than the procedures used to achieve them. A third perspective in this debate is that planners should use any means to achieve their objectives as long as their intentions are ethical. They should focus on revolutionary change by developing new plans to replace existing ones. Friedmann (2000, pp. 460-471) argues that process and outcomes or ends and means should not be considered as separate elements of the planning process. He further states that both process and outcome are important in planning. Thus, planners should not focus on process at the expense of outcome and vice versa. In my view, both process and outcome are important in planning. However, democratic procedures should be followed only if they lead to achievement of the interests of the public. Similarly, the expected outcome of planning should be considered acceptable only if it is likely to satisfy the needs of the citizens. The Goodness of New York City According to Friedmann (2000, pp. 460-471 ), a good city is characterized with the flourishing of the human population, multiplicity, and good governance. The human population flourishes if the city has adequate housing, social provision, remunerated work, and affordable healthcare. In New York City, majority of the residents have housing and jobs. However, healthcare is not affordable since a large number of residents still lack health insurance to access medical services.Advertising Looking for term paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Multiplicity refers to â€Å"an autonomous civil life relatively free from direct supervision and control by the state† (Friedmann, 2000, pp. 460-471). New York City has met this criterion since the statutes of New York State and the constitution of the United States protect the citizens’ right to liberty and speech. This has led to the development of a vibrant civil life in New York City. The residents are free to form organizations to articulate their challenges without the interference of the state or government. Governance refers to the procedures used to make and enforce binding decisions in cities (Friedmann, 2000, pp. 460-471). New York City has good governance that focuses on transparency and responsiveness to the needs of the citizens. The governance is also inclusive since citizens have the right to participate in the formulation of policies that affect their lives through consultations. The political leaders in the city are directly elected by the citizens b ased on their inspiration and ability to create a shared vision for the electorate. In sum, New York is a good city since it has most of the attributes identified by Friedmann (2000, pp. 460-471). References Fainstein, S. (2005). Planning theory and the city. Journal of Planning Education and Research, 25(1), 121-130. Friedmann, J. (2000). The good city: In defense of utopian thinking. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 24(2), 460-471. Galloway, T., Mahayni, R. (1977). Planning theory in retrospect: The progress of paradigm change. Journal of the American Planning Association, 43(1), 62-69. Healey, P. (1992). Planning through debate: The communicative turn in planning theory. The Town Planning Review, 63(2), 143-162. Hudson, B. (1979). Comparison of current planning theories: Counterparts and contradictions . Journal of the American Planning Association, 45(4), 387-396. Normativity in urban planning. (n.d). Web. This term paper on Term Paper on Advanced Theories of Urban and Regional Planning was written and submitted by user Ciara Lang to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

A Biography of Adolf Hitler

A Biography of Adolf Hitler Free Online Research Papers When Hitler was born at the end of the 19th century, the country of Germany had not even fought in one World War. By the time he died, Adolf Hitler had helped fight in one World War and had started another. This son of a civil servant would change the world in countless ways and cause the deaths of millions. Hitler’s experiences in life before becoming the leader of the Third Reich of Nazi Germany would help shape him into the man who would eventually become one of the most recognizable names in the 20th century. Adolf Hitler was born on April 20th 1889 in a small town called Braunau into a family that would sharply influence his beliefs (The History Place: The Rise of Hitler, 1996). He was the son of Alois Hitler and Klara Polzl and was technically their fourth child but the previous three all did not survive to make it into their adult lives, making him the focus of their attention until they had two more children. Alois had a son from a previous marriage who did not live up to his high expectations and eventually ended up in jail for theft (The History Place: The Rise of Hitler, 1996). This bothered Hitler’s father greatly and he vowed that he would not fail his next son and do whatever it took to make him into a proper man. Alois was a very intense and angry father and would beat Adolf if he didn’t do exactly as he was told. The household Adolf Hitler grew up in was not the most pleasant place to be and he had only his mother to turn to for comfort. The family tree of Adolf Hitler indicates a few reasons that he would turn out to behave the way he did. The man who was Adolf’s grandfather remains a mystery; the only documentation of his father’s birth says that a unmarried servant girl named Maria Anna Schicklgruber who gave birth to Alois but â€Å"In the registry of births in Dollersheim parish the space for the name of the child’s father was left blank† (Fest, 1974, p.15). There are different stories floating around about who is the true grandfather but the most intriguing one is the one that would give that distinction to a Jewish man named Frankenberger. Maria was working in his house at the time that she became pregnant and when Hans Frank who was Hitler’s lawyer later looked into this idea, he found some evidence that would indicate that Frankenberger was the actual grandfather. However nothing that could be proved ever came of this but â€Å"its real significance is independent of it being true or false. What is psychologically of crucial importance is that fact that Frank’s findings forced Hitler to doubt his own descent† (15). Throughout his life, Hitler would try to hide his family history due to the shame he would feel if he discovered that he was related to the group of people that he despised most. Alois Hitler’s involvement in his son’s life played a strong role in what Hitler would grow up to be. Alois was described a man who was â€Å"hard, unsympathetic and short tempered† (Bullock, 1962, 25). To make matters even worse, â€Å"The Hitler household now consisted of Adolf, little brother Edmund, little sister Paula, older half-brother Alois Jr., older half-sister Angela and two parents who were home all the time† (The Histoy Place: The Rise of Hitler, 1996). All the noise from everyone jammed into the small living quarters did not improve Alois’ mood much during his peaceful retirement and he took it out on the children. Adolf’s step brother received most of the beatings and harsh words due to his being the oldest until finally one day he couldn’t take it anymore and ran away. This made Adolf next in line to obtain all the attention that Alois felt was necessary to guide his boys. His father, with his domineering and har sh style of parenting would help to make Hitler into a man who lacked empathy for (The History Place: The Rise of Hitler, 1996). The reason behind many of Adolf’s failures at school at least according to him was that he was doing poorly in order to spite his father. Their poor relationship led him to want to go against anything his father wanted. Alois due to his commanding nature thought â€Å"It was simply inconceivable to him that I might reject what had become the content of his whole life† ( Mein Kampf, 1925, p.8). At this time, the Hitler family moved from their small farm home into the town of Lambach, Austria where Hitler would learn the importance of religion. By going to school at a monastery, Hitler gained a special insight into the lives of men who made speeches for a living and controlled the lives of others. Hitler â€Å"especially admired the Abbot in charge, who ruled his black-robbed monks with supreme authority. At home Hitler sometimes played priest and even included long sermons† (The Histoy Place: The Rise of Hitler, 1996). The lifestyle of a priest appealed greatly to Hitler, he loved the idea of giving speeches to many and the power they had over the people that listened to his words and those working under him. Also found around the monastery, were swastikas carved into wood and other things which Hitler would have seen almost every day by going to school there (The History Place: The Rise of Hitler, 1996). This symbol obviously had a great impact on him due to the fact that he made the swastika the symbol of the Nazi’s that would become one of the most well recognized images worldwide. Also during this time, Hitler was placed in many situations where he had to make a decision on where his loyalties lie. Being a German-Austrian in Hitler’s eyes had three schools of thought you were either â€Å"The fighters, the lukewarm, and the traitors† (Mein Kampf, 1927, 12). Adolf Hitler was of course a fighter, which meant that he stood for â€Å"Pan-Germanism of the Los-von-Rom movement founded by Ritter Georg von Schonerer† (10). This movement was all about reuniting Germany with the parts of Austria that had become separated and also importantly Schonerer’s movement was very strongly anti-Semitic. Hitler at this young age did not believe in the Pan-German movement which is very easy to confuse with Pan-Germanism but each has a completely different message. People who followed the Pan-German ideas were completely for the idea of German overtaking the entire world. Adolf was still able to partake in the struggle between the different views in Austria, whenever donations were taken for the school, Hitler and his fellow mates would wear corn flowers with red, gold, and black colors. This type of flower was the emblem of Germans loyal to the imperial House of Hohenzollern which was a royal monarchy that unified Germany and created the German empire. Hitler also stayed true to his beliefs in other ways, â€Å"Heil was our greeting, and instead of the imperial anthem we sang ‘Deutschland uber Allies,’ despite warnings and punishments.† (Mein Kampf, 1927, 13). This time at the monastery wo uld act as a beginning to his views of politics and fueled his fanaticism of being a German Nationalist. However all good things must come to an end and Alois Hitler decided the family needed to move again to the town of Leonding where he would begin primary school. Adolf Hitler’s academic career would provide many important experiences in affecting the man who would become leader of the Third Reich. In 1895 which was the same year that Adolf would begin primary school, his father also retired from his job as for the Austrian civil service. This was not good for Hitler because: This meant a double dose of supervision, discipline and regimentation under the watchful eyes of teachers at school and his strict father at home. His father, now 58, had spent most of his life working his way up through the civil service ranks. He was used to giving orders and having them obeyed and also expected this from his children. (The Histoy Place: The Rise of Hitler, 1996) Adolf began his education by doing â€Å"extremely well at primary school and it appeared he had a bright academic future in front of him. He was also popular with other pupils and was much admired for his leadership qualities† (Fest, 1974, p.19). Adolf had become somewhat of a gang leader at his primary school, and this part of his life served as the start of his developing leadership qualities. Also during his time at primary school, Adolf discovered that he enjoyed drawing very much and it was something that he cared about very strongly. Most of the teachers at school thought Adolf was lazy and lacked self control. However not every teacher had such a negative view of Adolf and one there was one teacher who made such an impact that he stood out above all the rest in Hitler’s academic career. Dr. Leopold Potsch was Adolf’s history professor at the R ealschule (The History Place: The Rise of Hitler, 1996). For Hitler, he has fond memories of this old man who by the passion of his tales and ability to make them forget the present, Hitler would sit in his seat aflame with fervor, and often times he was moved to tears. Adolf said that he and Dr. Potsch would sit and talk for long periods of time talking about their shared sense of intense national pride. . Potsch filled Adolf’s mind with exciting stories of past national heroes of Germany, and the idea of being a champion of his country thrilled Hitler to no end. His professor told him tales â€Å"of the German victories over France in 1870 and 1871 and attacked the Austrians for not becoming involved in these triumphs† (Spartacus Educational). What helped to make him special was that Dr. Potsch was very good at showing how past events influenced the present and showed how present events mirror the past. The professor had a special connection to the students an d: â€Å"He used our budding nationalistic fanaticism as a meaning of educating us, frequently appealing to our sense of national honor. By this alone he was able to discipline us life ruffians more easily than would have been possible by any other means. This teacher made history my favorite subject. And indeed, though he had no such intention, it was then that I became a revolutionary. For who could have studied German history under such a teacher without becoming an enemy of the state which, through its ruling house, exerted so disastrous an influence on the destinies of the nation? And who could retain his loyalty to a dynasty which in past and present betrayed the needs of the German people again and again for shameless private advantage? Did we not know, even as little boys, that this Austrian state had and could have no love for us Germans†.(Mein Kampf, 1927, 14-15) From this young age Adolf was able to decide in his mind that the only way to keep Germanism safe was by destroying Austria. This way of thinking that stayed with him for the majority of his life showed that he had an â€Å"ardent love for my German-Austrian homeland, deep hatred for the Austrian state† (16). Art allowed Hitler to express himself but the rejections that came along with it forced him to change the lifestyle he had hoped to have. Growing up, Adolf found that he and had a good amount of talent went it came to drawing and it became one of his passions throughout his life. During his time at the Realschule, Hitler in his own opinion was the best in his class at drawing and therefore received a lot of high praise for his work. All the compliments Adolf got from people started to go to his head and his view of his own art became very overrated in comparison to the artists that were already out in the real world. Art also was something that was a means to become someone of importance in society. Adolf vowed that he would never have a desk job like his father and art would be his pursuit of a â€Å"better class of society† (Fest, 1974, p. 20-21). Adolf Hitler would never be okay with having a normal job like the rest of society and now with his father not controllin g his life, he would be one step closer to forging his own path. In the final few months of his mother’s sickness, Adolf decided to take a trip to Vienna to take an entrance exam for the art Academy. When the results came back, Hitler was struck by a crushing blow when he learned that he had not been accepted into school of painting ( Mein Kampf, 1925, pp. 19-20). After thinking so highly of his skills and having everyone else around him admire his ability for so long he just was not able to comprehend how a school would not want his superior talent. However after speaking to the director at the school he recommended that Adolf apply for the architecture school there because he believed Adolf was good enough in that field to be accepted (20). Hitler accepted his fate but ran into a few problems when he learned about what was required to gain entrance to the school. In order to apply for the school of architecture, Hitler had to have a high school diploma and then attend the building school at Technik. However due to his stubbornness and refusal to do well in school in order to spite his father, he did not any of the credentials required. With his mother no longer around, Adolf Hitler returned to Vienna for the third time in order to regain his composure. After being down on himself for not making it into art school, he regained his defiance and was determined â€Å"†¦to become an architect, and obstacles do not exist to be surrendered to, but only to be broken† ( Mein Kampf, 1925, p. 20). Looking back on these times in his life Hitler is grateful for these days because even though they seemed miserable at the time, his will to get through anything was strengthened. Adolf said: I owe it to that period that I grew hard and am still capable of being hard. And even more, I exalt it for tearing me away from the hollowness of comfortable life; for drawing the mother’s darling our of his soft downy bed and giving him ‘Dame Care’ for a new mother; for hurling me, despite all resistance, into a world of misery and poverty, thus making me acquainted with those for whom I was later to fight. ( Mein Kampf, 1925, p. 21) As he did with many problems he faced during his life, Hitler was able to find a way to blame the Jewish people for problems with the world of the arts. In referring to the Jews, Hitler said â€Å"Culturally he contaminates art, literature, the theater, makes a mockery of natural feeling, overthrows all concepts of beauty and sublimity, of the noble and the good, and instead drags men down into the sphere of his own base nature†(Mein Kampf, 1925, p. 326). Klara Hitler was a kind and gentle woman, who was a big part of Adolf Hitler’s childhood. She was the only person that he had a strong emotional bond with and she was the person that he always turned to when things with his father got too rough, Adolf said â€Å"I had honored my father, but my mother I had loved† ( Mein Kampf, 1925 p. 18). Klara Hitler however had many health problems for much of the time Adolf was living away from the family and therefore was not always around to help him with problems he may have been having. Due to her anxiety about losing all her other children except for two, Adolf’s mother was too soft on him and Hitler used this to his advantage whenever possible (The History Place: The Rise of Hitler, 1996). Even though she was not as passionate as Alois was to see Adolf become a civil servant, she still tried to keep with her husband’s wishes after he passed away and keep Adolf in school. On the day of September, 1904, Adolf would only be promoted to the next level of schooling if he were to leave that school. This marked his mother’s last attempt at getting him the education his father wanted, â€Å"She sent him to Realschule in Steyr† (Bullock, 1962, p. 20). Still though even with his father gone, his grades did not improve and his work was very poor. Adolf did so badly his first term at this new school that he went out and got drunk for the first time in his life and used the report card as toilet paper. However he still continued at the Realschule for one more semester but was still unable to make any improvements and finally his mother gave in to his request and allowed him to leave the school. Hitler was now free to try to fulfill his dream of becoming an artist and even his mother becoming gravely ill wouldn’t stop him from leaving for Vienna. This was a prime example of how Hitler’s ambition for personal success would trump any thoughts of human empathy. After failing to gain entrance into Vienna’s art school, Hitler was humiliated and was unable to even tell his mother that he was rejected and he still pretended like he was still an art student (Spartacus Educational). Hitler was able to entrance millions by the speeches he gave about Germany and what the Nazi Party would do for them to get them back what was rightfully theirs, however when it came for him to talk about himself there was much less discussion. At a period in his life where he may have needed some guidance or just a place to gather himself after the failure, Hitler didn’t take advantage of the people around and kept everything to himself. It took for Klara Hitler to pass away for Adolf to finally return home to see her one last time. At the time of her death, Hitler returned to his home and spoke with the doctor who said â€Å"he had never seen a young man so crushed by anguish and filled with grief†¦With the death of his mother, whatever affection he had ever had for any human being came to an end† (Fest, 1974, p. 28). Hitler lost the one person who he had turned to when his father’s beatings were too much or when things got too hard for him as a small child. Even though he was more distant from her as he moved off to Vienna, he still had a special bond with her that would not be shared as closely with anyone else. From that day on, Hitler â€Å"carried her photograph wherever he went and, it is claimed, had it in his hand when he died in 1945† (Spartacus Educational). Now Hitler had nobody to rely on but himself to get him to where he wanted to be in life. The illness of hit mother had used up the majority of the money his father had left to the family after his death and the small amount of pension money he received would not be enough for him to survive. Now was the time for Hitler to make something of himself and to â€Å"wrest from Fate what my father had accomplished fifty years before; I, to o, wanted to become ‘something’- but on no account a civil servant† ( Mein Kampf, 1925, p. 18). Literature would also provide to be another important influence on the ideas and beliefs of Adolf Hitler. For Adolf, reading had a different importance than for what is what for the average intellectual of that time period. He understood that people were able to read books and have great deals of knowledge stored in their mind, however what set him apart according to him was that he was able to determine what was useful and what information was worthless in a book. According to Adolf, â€Å"Reading is not an end in itself, but a means to an end† (Bullock, 1962, p. 48). These attitudes would help show not only his Hitler’s attitude towards books but towards life as well. This is a picture of a man with a closed mind, reading only to confirm what he already believes, ignoring what does not fit in with his preconceived scheme. ‘Otherwise, Hitler says, ‘only a confused jumble of chaotic notions will result from all this reading†¦Such a person never succeeds in turning his knowledge to practical account when the opportune moment arrives; for his mental equipment is not ordered with a view to meeting the demands of every day†¦ ‘Since then (i.e. since his days in Vienna) I have extended that foundation very little, and I have changed nothing in it. (Bullock, 1962 p. 49) After reading a book about the Franco-Prussian war, Hitler’s sense of national pride would never be the same. When reading the book Adolf felt a strong connection to the men of Germany who fought for their country. However he was unable to grasp why the men of Austria including his father chose not to fight (Mein Kampf, 1925, p. 6). He strongly disagreed with their choice of not going to war because he felt that the men of Germany and Austria were of the same blood. Hitler said â€Å"Are we not the same as all other Germans? Do we not all belong together? This problem began to gnaw at my little brain for the first time† (Mein Kampf, 1925, p. 7). It was this book that caused him to strongly want to unite the area around the country of Germany because he felt that the men of Germany and Austria should come together as one. Also all the talk of fighting and battles excited Hitler very much and he became quite interested in the idea of battles and being a soldier. Th e book caused him to believe that all men should be honored to fight for their country. He also believed that national pride should lead men to be willing to die for their country because that is what they are meant to do for the good of their people. World War I would only help to enforce Hitler’s sense of national pride and would give him military experience that he would use in the future to further for his own ideals. When Franz Ferdinand was murdered by Serbian students, at Sarajevo on 28 June 1914, Hitler was unsure initially at how he felt about this event (Bullock, 1962, p. 49). Ferdinand caused many problems that made many German Nationalists quite enraged, however another way to look at it was that his country of Austria would be duty-bound to fight in the war. Austria would also have to stay faithful to Germany which Hitler always believed was bound to happen (Bullock, 1962 pp. 49-50). The amount of joy that Hitler felt at finally being given the change to reu nite Germany was so great that he fell to the ground and thanked the heavens( Mein Kampf, 1925, p. 161). The war finally gave Hitler a way to prove himself as a man of worth to his country. After all his past failures, the war would serve as a fresh start, which with his poor childhood would be greatly welcomed. Adolf Hitler believed that entire population wished for this war to happen and couldn’t see how anyone else could have a different view. Hitler volunteered to fight in the war; however he did not choose to fight for the country of Germany. He ended up writing a formal petition to the King of Bavaria asking to be allowed into a Bavarian regiment. The reply granted his request and he was overjoyed beyond belief at the idea of being able to fight for the land he felt loyal to (Bullock, 1962, p. 50). A few of the other men he met during this time in his regiment which included many volunteers, ended up working for him in the Nazi Party. This time of his life would help to connect him to the people that he had blocked himself off from as a younger man. When his unit finally began fighting, Hitler was assigned the job of a Meldeganger which means that he was dispatch runner who sent messages between the command staff in the back of the camp and up to the units fighting in the front (The Histoy Place: The Rise of Hitler, 1996). Hitler was very eager and was generally liked by the other soldiers however some thought that he was too enthusiastic to please his superiors. He had the uncanny ability to escape danger which was lucky for him due to the fact that he would always volunteer his services for the most dangerous missions. Hitler’s bravery ended up getting many honors including the highly esteemed Iron Cross medal during World War I (Spartacus Educational). The Iron Cross medal which is a quite rare honor for the foot soldiers such as Hitler to earn, was recommended for Adolf by a lieutenant who just happened to be a Jew (The His tory Place: The Rise of Hitler, 1996). This was a fact that Hitler would pretend like never happened and when it was brought up, only talked about the honor and not the man who gave him the chance to earn it. The members in his unit found Adolf to be peculiar and strange, and a fellow soldier named Hans Mend â€Å"claimed that Hitler was an isolated figure who spent long periods of time sitting in the corner holding his head in silence. Then all of a sudden, Mend claimed, he would jump up and make a speech† (Spartacus Educational). Due to this strange behavior, Hitler was never promoted within the regiment past the rank of corporal. Fellow soldiers within the regiment would His superiors believed that Hitler’s odd outbursts and poor companionship within the group would make it difficult for other men to take orders from him (Spartacus Educational). The media and politicians during the war also played a role in how Hitler’s views on certain aspects of society were formed. Adolf said there was â€Å"a certain section of the press,slowly, and in a way which at first was perhaps unrecognizable to many, began to pour a few drops of wormwood into the general enthusiasm† ( Mein Kampf, 1925, p. 166). This group of media had different ideas about how Germans should behave during the war effort. They were not fond of great displays of emotion and believed that Germany should act more like other foreign countries who accepted their battle victories with a â€Å"silent and dignified form of joy† (166-167). Hitler even as a younger man was known to have sudden outbursts of passion filled speeches overflowing with his emotions and couldn’t understand why people would want to control that. He believed that the country needed this show of passion to be able to withstand the struggle which would overtake their country during World War I ( Mein Kampf, 1925, p. 167). Adolf Hitler was never able to understand this type of thinking and it was something that would be changed when he became leader of the Third Reich. Another thing that also bothered Hitler about the media was the stance they took towards Marxism. Some authorities believed that Marxism had become the national way of thinking for the country of Germany. Hitler believed that their faith in this doctrine lay in the fact that they do not teach how Marxism will destroy the world â€Å"especially since this cannot be learned in Jewified universities† (Mein Kampf, 1925, 168). Adolf Hitler also gave hints as to what he believed should be done to these mostly Jewish men who were misleading the country; he said â€Å"It would have been the duty of a serious government†¦to exterminate mercilessly the agitators who were misleading the nation† (169). At the time that Hitler was a soldier, he had no urge to talk much about politics. For him, the politicians of the day were more worthless than the everyday steward who performed his daily task without complaint. Adolf said â€Å"I had never hated these big-mouths more than now when every red-blooded man with something to say yelled it into the enemy’s face or appropriately left his tongue at home and silently did his duty somewhere† (166). When Hitler became the leader of all of Germany he would make himself the dictator and get rid of all these government men whom he believed were harmful to society as a whole. Hitler would become even more distressed about his country after returning home for a short hospital stay. After becoming injured in the war, the time spent back in Vienna would only add to the anti-Semitic feelings Adolf Hitler had towards other groups of people with different ideas. While laying in his bed he listened to men brag of injuring themselves in order to escape the war and act like they were the brave ones. Hitler was outraged at these men â€Å"who boasted of their shrewdness; he noted hypocrisy, egotism, war profiteering†( Mein Kampf, 1925, p. 71). Hitler decided that behind all the appraisal of these terrible ideas was the working of the Jew. Hitler was openly for the unification of Germany and he believed these Jewish men and the politicians and journalists were trying to pull everyone apart for their own gain. Adolf Hitler said that the â€Å"Hebrew Corruptors of the people†¦.should be held ‘under poison gas’ and against the politicians and journalists on the other hand†¦deserved nothing but annihilation. ‘All the implements of military power should have been ruthlessly used for the extermination of this pestilence† (Fest, 1974, pp. 71-72). Everywhere that Adolf Hitler went, he said that he saw Jews filling every office space and that every clerk was a Jew. It disgusted him that the Jewish people were all safe in the town while there were so few Jewish men to be seen fighting along the front lines for their country such as himself. Hitler thought that while the real Germans were off fighting for their country, the Jewish people were at home destroying the economy and plundering the wealth of their country for themselves. Hitler was once again was unable to fit in with society and in the spring of 1917 requested to be transferred back to the military front where he stayed until the end of the war (72) After being described by so many as the shy and loner type as a child, the life that Hitler led was nothing short of amazing. To be able to lead a nation and inspire millions to follow his every command, words cannot describe the conformation that this man underwent from his younger years into adulthood. Whether it was resisting his overbearing father or seeking comfort with his often too kind mother, there was never a calm moment in Adolf’s life. In order to become the man who would grow to be the leader of the Nazi Party, Adolf Hitler as a child and a young adult would go through many life experiences that would help turn him into one of the most identifiable men of his century. Hitler, A. (1971). Mein Kampf. ( Ralph Manheim, Trans.). Boston: Houston Mifflin. (Original work published 1925). Bullock, A. (1962). Hitler: A Study in Tyranny. New York: Harper Row Publishers. Fest, J. (1974). Hitler. (Richard Winston Clara Winston, Trans.). New York: Houghton Mifflin. (Original work published 1973). The History Place: The Rise of Hitler. (1996). The History Place. Retrieved 27 March 2009 from Simkin, J. Spartacus Educational. Retrieved 27 March 2009 from Research Papers on A Biography of Adolf HitlerAppeasement Policy Towards the Outbreak of World War 2The Effects of Illegal Immigration19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceWhere Wild and West MeetEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married Males

Making a Doctors Appointment - ESL Dialogue

Making a Doctor's Appointment - ESL Dialogue Read the following dialogue with a partner to learn important vocabulary used for making doctors appointments. Practice this dialogue with a friend to help you feel confident when you next make an appointment in English. Check your understanding with the quiz and review vocabulary.   Role Play: Making a Doctors Appointment Doctors Assistant: Good morning, Doctor Jensens office. How may I help you?Patient: Hello, Id like to make an appointment to see Doctor Jensen, please. Doctors Assistant:  Have you been in to see Doctor Jensen before?Patient: Yes, I have. I had a physical last year. Doctors Assistant:  Fine, what is your name?Patient:  Maria Sanchez. Doctors Assistant:  Thank you, Ms. Sanchez, let me pull up your file... Okay, Ive located your information. Whats the reason for your making an appointment?Patient: I havent been feeling very well lately. Doctors Assistant:  Do you need urgent care?Patient: No, not necessarily, but Id like to see the doctor soon. Doctors Assistant:   Of course, how about next Monday? Theres a slot available at 10 in the morning.Patient: Im afraid Im working at 10. Is there anything available after three? Doctors Assistant:  Let me see. Not on Monday, but we have a three oclock opening next Wednesday. Would you like to come in then?Patient: Yes, next Wednesday at three would be great. Doctors Assistant:   All right, Ill pencil you in for three oclock next Wednesday.Patient: Thank you for your help. Doctors Assistant: Youre welcome. Well see you next week. Goodbye.Patient: Goodbye. Key Making an Appointment Phrases Make an appointment: schedule a time to see the doctorHave you been in before?: used to ask if the patient has seen the doctor beforePhysical (examination:  yearly check-up to see if everything is okay.Pull up a file: find a patients informationNot feeling very well: feel ill or sickUrgent care: similar to an emergency room, but for everyday problemsA slot:  an available time to make an appointmentIs there anything open?:  used to check if there is an available time for an appointmentPencil someone in:  to schedule an appointment True or False? Decide whether the following statements are true or false:   Ms. Sanchez has never seen Doctor Jensen.Ms. Sanchez had a physical examination with Doctor Jensen last year.The doctors assistant already has the file open.Ms. Sanchez is feeling fine these days.Ms. Sanchez needs urgent care.She cant come in for a morning appointment.  Ms. Sanchez schedules an appointment for next week. Answers:   FalseTrueFalseFalseFalseTrueTrue Preparing for your Appointment Once youve made an appointment youll need to make sure youre prepared for your doctors visit. Here is a short overview of what youll need in the United States. Insurance / Medicaid / Medicare Card In the US doctors have medical billing specialists whose job it is to bill the correct insurance provider. There are many insurance providers in the US, so its essential to bring your insurance card. If you are over 65, you probably will need your Medicare card. Cash, Check or Credit/Debit Card to Pay for Co-payment Many insurance companies require a co-payment which represents a small portion of the total bill. Co-payments can be as little as $5 for some medicines, and as much as 20 percent  or more of larger bills. Make sure to check with your insurance provider for much information on co-payments in your individual insurance plan as these vary widely. Bring some form of payment to your appointment to take care of your co-pay. Medication List Its important for your doctor to know which medications you take. Bring a list of all medications that you currently take. Key Vocabulary Medical billing specialist:  (noun) a person who processes charges to insurance companiesInsurance provider:  (noun) company that insurances people for their health care needsMedicare:  (noun) a form of insurance in the US for people over 65Co-payment / co-pay:  (noun) partial payment of your medical billMedication:  (noun) medicine True or False? Co-payments are payments made by the insurance company to the doctor to pay for your medical appointments.Medical billing specialists will help you deal with insurance companies.Everyone in the US can take advantage of Medicare.Its a good idea to bring a list of your medications to a doctors appointment. Answers: False - patients are responsible for co-payments.True - medical billing specialists specialize in working with insurance companies.False - Medicare is national insurance for those over 65.True - its important for your doctor to know which medications you are taking.   If you need English for medical purposes you should know about troubling symptoms  and  joint pain,  as well as  pain that comes and goes.  If you work in a pharmacy, its a good idea to practice talking about  prescriptions.  All medical staff might be faced with a patient who is  feeling queasy  and how to  help  a patient.

Business environment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Business environment - Essay Example Every other day in newspapers we see the news about spin off, takeovers, mergers and acquisition. For a successful development of a product or service, at some stage, it is essential to undergo mergers and acquisition. Many experts believe that mergers increase the efficiency and values of a firm and in this way, resources can be utilized in the best possible way, thereby increasing the overall value of shareholding. (The Basics of Merger and Acquisition, 2010) 1.1 What is a Merger? Merger is defined as amalgamation of two or more companies in order to form a single company where only one company survives and the amalgamated one lose their corporate existence. The company that intends to survives take overs all the assets and liabilities of those companies which have been merged. In merger, all the shareholding, assets and liabilities of one company is transferred to the company that has to survive in the form of: Debentures Equity share Cash Or mix of all of the above. (The Basics o f Merger and Acquisition, 2010) 1.2 What is Acquisition? In general, acquisition is defined as acquiring the ownership of a company. In the context of business, acquisition is a purchase of a company where the buyer purchases the shareholding, assets and liabilities of seller. ... Renovation of Product facilities Mergers and acquisition helps in intensively utilizing resources and plants, achieving economies of scales through expanding and efficiently utilizing production facilities. It also helps in after sales services and thereby improving customer satisfaction. iii. Market Expansion The most imperative advantage of merger and acquisition is that it helps in expanding the market and boosts growth of business. Mergers and acquisition helps in eliminating competition and offers new products and diversification strategies to the merged or acquired companies. iv. Financial Strength In history, many mergers and acquisitions have failed but in most of the cases, financial strength of companies after getting merged or acquired has increased. Mergers and acquisitions help in improving liquidity and provide access to the cash resources. Greater backing of assets is provided and gearing capability gets improved. By being merged or acquired, companies are in better po sition to avail tax benefits and the EPS (Earning Per Share) also gets improved. (Sobek, 2000) v. General Gains After merger and acquisition, a company gets in a position to improve its public image and it also attracts experienced managerial talents to look for its managerial affairs. M&As (Mergers and Acquisitions) help in offering better satisfaction to the users or consumers of its products. vi. Strategic Purpose The company which is going to acquire the other one looks for all the available alternatives including product expansion, market expansion, vertical expansion, horizontal expansion etc. Thus, the company sets it strategic purpose which

Drama Essay, Riders to the Sea Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Drama , Riders to the Sea - Essay Example In the end, she is left with only enough strength to stumble into her grave. Though painful and lacerating, Maurya’s suffering has been worthwhile. Her ultimate recognition of pain, and her acceptance of death as the irrevocable end of human existence does not compensate for her losses; but certainly, it  makes the losses appear meaningless in a broad human context: the  knowledge of life is available only to those  who have been chastened and purified by suffering. Maurya in the end negates life and accepts the ravages of the death. She becomes a stoic. She becomes a universal figure who can induce others to acquire â€Å"calm of mind, all passion spent†. This purgation of emotion comes after experience (Milton, 87). Death is undoubtedly a universal phenomenon but that should not mean one should be pessimistic about life. She is merely an old woman in a family of fishers on the barren and windswept Aran Island. The poor and illiterate Maurya is taught and enriched only by her experience. Her life has been marked by a series of bereavements. Her husband, father-in-law and all her six sons perish in the sea. When the play opens, we find her almost at the nadir of psychological setback. Michael has been missing for nine days and is possibly dead. Maurya is restless and laments continually. The readers find her confronting the mysteries of the unknown from whose bounds no traveler returns. Her sorrows and lamentations over Michael’s death is a poignant picture of loss and misery. She has acquired a strange, almost uncanny knowledge of premonitions. For years, she has looked at the sea and the sky, trying to figure out the set of the wind and the timings of the tide. For years, she has knocked at the doors of the impenetrable mystery of death, weeping and praying, This continuous mourning has taugh t her a few secrets to bear the misery of suffering and death if not champion them. Therefore, when Nora reports that the young priest has told her that

Properties of Zeolites as Cataystics

Properties of Zeolites as Cataystics 1.0 INTRODUCTION TO ZEOLITES Zeolites are crystalline aluminosilicates, composed of TO4 tetrahedra (T = Si, Al) with O atoms connecting neighbouring tetrahedral, that contain pores and cavities of molecular dimensions (Breck, 1974). Many occur as natural minerals, but it is the synthetic varieties which are among the most widely used sorbents, catalysts and ion-exchange materials in the world (Barrer, 1982). The channels are large enough to allow the passage of guest species. In the hydrated phases, dehydration occurs at temperatures mostly below about 400 °C and is largely reversible. The framework may be interrupted by (OH, F) groups: these occupy a tetrahedron apex that is not shared with adjacent tetrahedra. Zeolites are different from other porous hydrates, as they retain their structural integrity upon loss of water. The Structure Commission of the International Zeolite Association identifies each framework with a three-letter mnemonic code (Baerlocher et al., 2001) e.g. Amicite- GSI; Faujasite- FAU etc. 1.1 IMPORTANCE OF GREEN PROCESSES In the chemical industry, the acceptability of a process is not only governed by cost and yield but in terms of eco-friendliness and pollution abatement. Choosing a more efficient catalytic route has greatly improved the efficiency of chemical processes. Green chemistry has been defined as the design of chemical products and processes in order to reduce or eliminate the generation of hazardous substances (Armor, 1999). The principles of green chemistry listed by Armor (1999) employs future approaches to new chemical processes. It includes: efficient use of raw materials, energy efficiency, use of biodegradable products and other subtle features. 2.0 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF ZEOLITES 2.1 NATURAL ZEOLITES Research in the field of zeolite science and technology made its first steps with natural zeolites and was mostly focused on natural zeolites until the beginning of the 1950s. The history of zeolites began in 1756 when Swedish mineralogist A.F. Cronstedt discovered the first zeolite mineral, stilbite when studying its apparent properties discovered its strange behaviour upon heating although there is no certain proof of its identity. The term ‘zeolite was coined from two Greek words, ‘zeo (to boil) and ‘lithos (stone). On the contrary, the first zeolite, chabazite, described by Bosch DAntic in 1792 has clear evidence in literature. Several other zeolites were discovered in the following years and around 1850, only about 20 zeolite types were reported in mineralogy books, including analcime, brewsterite, chabazite, edingtonite, epistilbite, faujasite, gismondine, gmelinite, harmotome, heulandite, laumontite, levyne, mesolite, natrolite, phillipsite, scolecite, stilbi te, and thomsonite. Starting from the middle of the 19th century until about 1975, there was a moderate increment in the number of zeolites discovered (about one new type every 6-7 years) and a clear acceleration in the last twenty five-thirty years. About 40 natural zeolites are known (Tschernich, 1992). Most zeolites known to occur in nature are of lower Si/Al ratios, since organic structure-directing agents necessary for formation of siliceous zeolites are absent. Sometimes natural zeolites are found as large single crystals, though are very difficult to make in the laboratory. The catalytic activity of natural zeolites is limited by their impurities and low surface areas. However, interests in natural zeolites shifted towards zeolite synthesis and synthetic materials, as they offered a series of advantages such as wider versatility, more open frameworks( for adsorption and catalysis),and quality in constitution and chemistry. As a result, research on natural zeolites, was mainly devoted to ion exchange process which was discovered around 1850 (Thompson, 1850; Way, 1850). Few years later, Eichhorn observed that chabazite and natrolite behaved as reversible ion exchangers. In the early decades of the 20th century, ion exchange selectivity of a variety of zeolites for peculiar cations, e.g., ammonium was performed (Barrer, 1950) and starting from the end of the 1950s, found uses in various sectors of environmental relevance, e.g., treatment of wastewaters and soil rebuilding and remediation. The most recent frontier in the application of natural zeolites is in the field of life sciences. One of the drawbacks of natural zeolite research for application purposes is due to the limited availability of zeolite as it is a precious mineral, compared to the synthetic counterparts which could be mass produced at a lower cost (Colella, 2005). 2.1.1 Formation The pathway of natural zeolite formation is similar to the laboratory synthesis of zeolite. Zeolite nucleation, crystallisation and crystal growth take place as a result of slow to fast cooling of warm to hot magmas(of volcanic origin), which are basic, oversaturated in silicate and aluminate species and contain alkaline and/or alkali-earth cations. hot fluid + volcanic ash oversaturated basic magma zeolite crystals {solution + gel) The magma is obtained via hydrolysis of the original glassy material and is responsible for the tetrahedral coordination of aluminium and together with silicon. The main factors responsible for the structural formation are temperature, chemistry of the ash and the chemical composition of the resulting solution. Gel is formed along the process but is however not directly connected to nucleation and growth, as there is evidence that zeolite nuclei form from the oversaturated solution at the glass shards / solution interface (Aiello et al., 1980). Temperature and time are two factors which differentiate natural zeolitisation from laboratory synthesis. 2.1.2 Physico-chemical properties i.Cation exchange: The ion exchange properties of natural zeolites depend on their chemistry which ismainly in terms of selectivity. Selectivity depends on the framework topology, ion size and shape, charge density on the anionic framework, ion valence and electrolyte concentration in the aqueous phase (Barrer et al., 1978). ii.Reactions with alkalis: Oncein alkaline environments, zeolites become unstable as they tend to transform, similarlyto glassy systems, into more stable phases, usually into other framework silicates (Goto and Sand, 1988). The interaction of zeolite-rich materials with Ca(OH)2 give rise to calcium silicates and aluminates, which upon hydration are able to harden in both aerial and aqueous environments. This behaviour makes them to be known as pozzolanic materials Thermal properties: Heating of zeolite powder induces physical and chemical changes, which have been shown to include water loss (which causes expansion on heating), decomposition and gas evolution, phase transition, structure breakdown, re-crystallisation, melting etc (Colella, 1998). This property enables zeolite tuff stones to display good sound-proofing and heat insulation and serve as good building materials. Depending on zeolite nature, chemical composition and rock constitution, the tuff expands as a result of quick heating at temperatures of 1250 °C or above, inadvertently followed by a rapid quenching to room temperature. 2.2 SYNTHETIC ZEOLITES Early work could be traced back to the claimed synthesis of levynite by St Claire Deville in 1862 as there were no reliable methods for fully identifying and characterising the products. The origin of zeolite synthesis however, evolved from the work of Richard Barrer and Robert Milton which commenced in the late 1940s. The first synthetic zeolite unknown as a natural mineral later found to have the KFI structure (Baerlocher et al., 2001 ) was discovered by Barrer when investigating the conversion of known mineral phases under the action of strong salt solutions at fairly high temperatures (ca. 170-270  °C). Robert Milton was the first person to use freshly precipitated aluminosilicate gels to carry out reactions under milder conditions. This led to the discovery of zeolites A and X (Milton et al., 1989). Initially, the synthesis of zeolites required the use of only inorganic reactants but was however expanded in 1961 to include quaternary ammonium cations leading to the discovery o f silica-rich phases (high-silica zeolites). Subsequently, more synthetic zeolites have been discovered (Baerlocher et al., 2001), as well as zeolite-like or zeolite-related materials (Szostak, 1989) known as zeotypes- represented by microporous alumino- and gallo phosphates (AlPO4s and GaPO4s) and titanosilicates. Studies on understanding zeolite synthesis have continued to be carried out upto the present day (Table 1). This has been due to discoveries of new materials, advances in synthetic procedures, innovations in theoretical modelling methods and, especially, by the development of new techniques for the investigation of reaction mechanisms and the characterisation of products. Table 1: Evolution of materials development in the zeolite field ‘‘Low Si/Al zeolites (1-1.5) A, X ‘‘Intermediate Si/Al zeolites (f2-5) A) Natural zeolites: erionite, chabazite, clinoptilolite, Mordenite Synthetic zeolites: Y, L, large-pore mordenite, omega ‘‘High Si/Al zeolites (ËÅ"10-100) By thermochemical framework modification: highly silicious variants of Y, mordenite, erionite By direct synthesis: ZSM-5, Silicate Silica molecular sieves silicalite Source: Flanigen (1980) 2.2.1 Mechanism of Hydrothermal Synthesis Experimental observations of a typical hydrothermal zeolite synthesis Due to its chemical reactivity and low cost, amorphous and oxide-like Si and Al which make up the microporous framework are mixed with a cation source usually, in a basic water-based medium. The resulting aqueous mixture is then heated in a sealed autoclave at above 100ËšC allowing the reactants to remain amorphous for sometime (induction period) after which crystalline zeolites are detected (Figure 2). Gradually, an approximately equal mass of zeolite crystals which is recovered by filtration, washing and drying replaces all the amorphous materials (Cundy and Cox, 2005).The bond type created in the crystalline zeolite product (e.g. zeolite A or ZSM-5) which contains Si-O-Al linkages is similar to that present in its precursor oxides, therefore the enthalpy change is not great. This process reduces nucleation rates, thereby forming larger crystals. Reactivity of the gel, temperature and pH affect the rate of zeolite formation as an increase in pH and temperature leads to increase in the rate of formation of zeolite crystals. In their mother liquors, the zeolitic phases are metastable, thereby transforming the initial zeolite into an undesired thermodynamically more stable phase (Ullmann, 2002). 2.2.3 Synthesis from Clay minerals Kaolin and metakaolin (calcining kaolin at 500-700 °C) are two important clays used for the production of the zeolites NaA, NaX, and NaY (Breck, 1974; Barrer, 1978) because binder-free extrudates and granules which offer advantages in adsorption technology are produced. 2Al2Si2O5(OH)4 2Al2Si2O7+4H2O Kaolin Metakaolin Depending on the zeolite, the clay is shaped and, SiO2and seed crystals are added and while in the preformed shape, the zeolite crystallises. Alternatively, zeolite is formed when the binder component of metakaolin undergoes hydrothermal treatment with sodium hydroxide solution (Goytisolo et al., 1973; Chi and Hoffman, 1977). Using ultrasonic radiation, reaction rate is enhanced and there is energy saving and lower production cost due to lower temperatures. This process is less often used as it could cause odor of the product due to impurities present in clay e.g. iron 2.2.2 Industrial Zeolite Synthesis Zeolite synthesis is an extremely broad area of research and due to differences in the preparation of each zeolite type, two representative zeolite types, TPA-ZSM-5 and zeolite Na-A, are chosen for a more detailed presentation of the synthesis {Table 2} (Jansen, 2001). Table 2: Synthesis mixtures, physical chemical properties of the representative zeolites Molar oxide ratio Na-A TPA-ZSM-5 SiO2 1 1 Al2O3 0.5 Na2O 1 0.16 H2O 17 49 TPA2O 0.3 T (ËšC) > 150 Physical Chemical properties Pore arrangements 3D, cages connected via windows 2D, intersecting channels Bronsted activity low High Affinity hydrophilic Hydrophobic Pore volume (cm3/g) 0.37 0.18 Source: Jansen (2001) The composition of zeolite product can be expressed by the cation type and its overall Si/Al ratio. In the preparation of zeolite, nucleation is the rate determining step which is influenced by a range of factors dependent on the temperature of the reaction mixture. Low Temperature Reaction Mixture: Here, the reaction mixture is prepared at low temperature, At high pH, condensation occurs when the nucleophilic deprotonated silanol group on monomeric neutral species is attacked (Figure 5). The acidity of the silanol group depends on the number and type of substituents on the silicon-atom (Jansen, 2001). Temperature raise of the reaction mixture from High Temperature Reaction Mixture: At this temperature, zeolites are formed from amorphous material which involves, reorganisation of the low temperature synthesis mixture, nucleation and precipitation (crystallisation). During the induction period, gel and species in solution rearrange from a continuous changing phase of monomers and clusters which disappears through hydrolysis and condensation, in which nucleation occurs (Jansen, 2001). The process particles become stable and nuclei forms, followed by crystallisation which could occur in metastable solid, highly dispersed or dense gel forms. Product quality, reaction time and yield influence efficient production of zeolites by optimising their composition. 2.2.2 Secondary Synthesis Methods Catalytic or adsorbent properties that cannot be achieved by direct synthesis utilise post-synthesis (secondary) treatments to increase catalytic activity, shape selectivity or porosity and thermal/hydrothermal stability. Dealumination and ion exchange are used to carry out these modifications. Dealumination The zeolite structure is selectively dealuminated by acid solutions, washing out aluminium out of the crystal, as was observed for zeolite A. However, for higher silica containing materials (clinoptilolite), a fully decationated structure is produced after continuous acid treatment. The metal ion is replaced with H3O+ followed by (Al+3 + H3O+) removal, generating a hydroxyl nest. Aluminium is removed from the framework but not the crystal by hydrothermal dealumination. The heterogeneity in the concentration of the framework and non-framework of aluminium depends on the type of modification used. Hydrothermal treatment causes the amorphous aluminium to collect on the crystal surface which through fluorosilicate treatment can reduce aluminium centred acid sites. Often, a secondary pore system is generated and hydroxyl nests can be annealed. In order to enhance the catalytic properties as well as stability, silicon, aluminium and other metal ions are introduced into the framework (Szostak, 2001). Other methods of producing thermally and hydrothermally stable cracking catalysts include: use of EDTA, SiCl4 vapor, and (NH4)2SiF6. Acid mediated dealumination process via aluminium extraction and generation of hydroxyl nest (Szostak, 2001) Ion Exchange This is an important technique in pore-size engineering for the production of zeolitic adsorbents (Breck, 1974). Ion exchange used in the production of Brà ¸nsted acid sites has major importance in the synthesis of solid acid catalysts (Ullmann, 2002). Ion exchange can be achieved also, for certain intermediate-silica and high-silica zeolites (e.g., mordenite) by treatment with mineral acids although involves the risk of dealuminating the zeolite framework (McDaniel and Maher, 1976). An indirect route via an ion exchange with ammonium salt solutions must be followed, producing the â€Å"ammonium form† calcined at ca. 400 °C to liberate ammonia and give the hydrogen form (Ullmann, 2002). When cations to be exchanged are positioned inaccessible cages, a sieve effect is produced. pH is an important factor in ion exchanging of highly charged transition metal ions in order to prevent metal hydroxide precipitation especially at low pH. 2.3 CHARACTERISATION OF ZEOLITES In order to determine the relationships between the physical and physicochemical as well as sorptive and catalytic properties of zeolites, it is important to know the structural, chemical and catalytic characteristics of zeolites. Several standard techniques are employed in zeolite characterisation. The most common of which is X-ray diffraction used in determining the structure and purity of zeolites. Others include: x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF) or atomic absorption spectrometry, used to analyze elemental composition, sorption analysis to study the pore system, IR-spectroscopy, typically using adsorbed probe molecules to characterize the acid sites, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), for determining the size and morphology of zeolite crystallites, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, temperature programme desorption (TPD) and many others (Schà ¼th, 2005). 3.0 GENERAL APPLICATIONS OF ZEOLITES Zeolites are used primarily in 3 major applications: ion-exchange, adsorbents, and catalysts. Natural zeolites play an important role in bulk mineral applications. Adsorbent applications: Common adsorbent applications focus on removal of small polar molecules and bulk separations, by more aluminous zeolites and based on molecular sieving processes respectively (Table 3). Table 3: Zeolite commercial applications as adsorbents Purification Bulk separations Drying: natural gas (including LNG), cracking gas (ethylene plants), refrigerant Normal/iso-paraffin separation, Xylene separation CO2 removal: natural gas, flue gas (CO2 + N2) cryogenic air separation plants Olefin separation, Separation of organic solvents Pollution abatement: removal of Hg, NOx, SO Separation of amino acids, n-nitrosoamines Sweetening of natural gas and liquefied petroleum gas Separation of CO2, SO2, NH3 Source: Flanigen (1980). Catalyst applications: Zeolites have the greatest use in catalytic cracking. They also play a role in hydroisomerisation, hydrocracking and aromatics processing. The strong acidity of zeolites plays a role in hydrocarbon processing. Asides this, they are finding increasing use in synthesis of fine chemicals and organic intermediates in isomerisation reactions, nucleophilic substitution and addition etc. Table 4: Zeolite applications in Catalysis Inorganic reactions: H2S oxidation, NO reduction of NH3, CO oxidation, reduction Hydrocarbon conversion: Alkylation, Cracking Organic reactions: Aromatization (C4 hydrocarbons), Aromatics (disproportionation, hydroalkylation, hydrogenation, hydroxylation, nitration, etc.) Dehydration Epoxidation Beckman rearrangement (cyclohexanone to caprolactam) Methanol to gasoline Chlorofluorocarbon decomposition Shape-selective reforming Source: Flanigen (1980); Galarneau et al (2001). Ion-exchange applications: Zeolite properties are directly exploited in several applications such as in the detergent industry, where zeolites are used for water softening or ‘building, animal food supplementation and in the treatment of wastewater (Townsend and Coker, 2001). Zeolite A has selectivity for Ca2+, thereby providing a unique advantage. Also, natural zeolites can be used to remove of Cs+ and Sr 2+radioisotopes through ion-exchange (Payra and Dutta, 2003). Table 5: Applications and advantages of Ion-exchange Applications Advantage Metals removal and recovery High selectivities for various metals Removal of Cs+ and Sr2+ Stable to ionizing radiation Detergent builder zeolite A, zeolite X (ZB-100, ZB-300) Remove Ca2+ and Mg2+ by selective exchange, no environmental problem Ion exchange fertilizers Exchange with plant nutrients such as NH4+ and K+ with slow release in soil Source: Flanigen (1980) Other Applications: Zeolites also play important roles in health-related applications (such as antibacterial agents, vaccine adjuvants, drug delivery, bone formation, biosensors and enzyme mimetics), oil refining, and petrochemical processes. Zeolite powders are used for odor removal and as plastic additives. Zeolitic membranes offer the possibility of organic transformations and separations coupled into one unit (Payra and Dutta, 2003). 3.1 ZEOLITES AND THE ENVIRONMENT Nearly all applications of zeolites are driven by environmental concerns, from cleaning toxic (nuclear) wastes, to treatment of wastewater, thereby reducing pollution. Zeolites have now been used to replace harmful phosphate builders in powder detergents due to water pollution risks. Zeolite catalysts help to save energy as they make chemical processes more efficient, minimising un-necessary waste and by-products. When used as solid catalysts and redox catalysts/sorbents, they reduce the need for corrosive liquid acids and remove atmospheric pollutants, (such as engine exhaust gases and ozone-depleting CFCs) respectively (Bell, 2001). In wastewater, zeolites (clinoptilolite, mordenite) are used to remove ammonia and ammonium ions (Townsend and Coker, 2001), as well as heavy metal cations and transition metals. 3.2 ZEOLITE CATALYSTS IN GREEN CHEMISTRY Zeolite catalysts have contributed to the design and synthesis of novel materials and development of new methodologies in organic synthesis, displacing the conventional and waste generating reagents thereby maximising atom utilization and reducing waste generated (E-factor). Zeolites play an important role in acid-catalyzed reactions such as acylation, alkylation, isomerisation and condensation, cyclisation and electrophilic aromatic substitution. Acylation of aromatic substrates: used in fine chemicals manufacture although has proven unsuccessful in less reactive aromatic compounds due to adsorption imbalance, unless performed in vapor phase using H-ZSM-5 (Singh and Pandey, 1997). 4.0 CONCLUSION Due to the role zeolites play mainly as catalysts in the environment as well as in chemical industry, the efficiency of the zeolite catalysts has been greatly improved. The yield and selectivity of the zeolite process is quantitative and in addition, reduces energy requirements, capital costs and complexity of equipments. Over the years, the synthesis process of zeolites have encompassed the principles of green chemistry as described in the report which has included waste prevention, energy efficiency, fewer environmental impacts, safer solvents, renewable materials, process intensification, catalysis and reduction in capital cost. 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