Salvador Dali Belief System Essay Example for Free

Salvador Dali Belief System Essay Salvador Dali – Explore and analyse the metamorphosis of Dali’s belief system through his art Salvador Dali was an artist; known not only for his tremendous artistic talent and flamboyant and eccentric personality, but also for the greater meaning he entwined into his art. His contrasting beliefs led to an interesting metamorphosis of his belief system. Dali struggled between religion and science, due to conflicting family influences from his childhood and personal experiences which he would go on to endeavour in life. Dali’s initial works commenced by experimenting specifically with scientific themes and ideas, which can be noted in one his most famous paintings; The Persistence of Memory (1931). However as his life progressed, Dali’s new reincarnated interest in religion, mysticism and metaphysics led him to believe that religion and science co-exist simultaneously, which he portrayed through his artwork. Dali developed conflicting views regarding religion from a very young age. The artist grew up in a household where his mother’s family were devout Catholics; however his father was a firm atheist. Dali’s early views on religion were explicitly expressed in his drawing Sometimes I spit with Pleasure on the Portrait of my Mother (The Sacred Heart) (1929). This abstract themed drawing of what appears to be the silhouette of Jesus Christ is incredibly blasphemous. The hand written â€Å"Parfois Je crache pour plaisir sur la portrait de ma mere â€Å"literally translates to â€Å"Sometimes I spit with pleasure on the portrait of my mother†. The drawing is done in black ink on a plain white canvas. This simple colour scheme proves to be very effective, as it delivers the message very clearly and graphically. However, the simple nature of this particular drawing reflects what artists and literary figures from previous generations would have potentially branded as a â€Å"simple† and â€Å"earthly† mind due to the lack of belief in religion and one’s higher self. The style of writing could almost be associated with the types of print associated with cartoons. This just further reflects the lack of seriousness on Dali’s behalf. On the drawing, the words â€Å"ma mere† are specifically written in a bolder and larger size compared to the rest of the sentence. This effect makes these two words stand out in particular, emphasising Dali’s abhorrence towards his mother’s belief system. The small drawing in the centre of the silhouette with the Christian symbol of the cross represents Dali’s version of â€Å"The Sacred Heart†. This heart which he has drawn appears to be a very deformed heart. According to Christian beliefs, The Sacred Heart is a devotional name used by Catholics to refer to the physical heart of Jesus Christ, as a symbol of divine love. The devotion especially emphasizes the unmitigated love, compassion, and long-suffering of the heart of Christ towards humanity. By illustrating this â€Å"Sacred Heart† as deformed, Dali atrociously insulted his mother’s beliefs. This scandalous portrayal of the priesthood clearly reflects how Dali and his father viewed the priesthood as heavily corrupted, ignorant and hypocritical. The deformed heart reinstates how he thought the Catholic Church had deformed views, beliefs and a deformed lifestyle. Dali was an artist who formed part of the Surrealism movement. In the surrealist period, I wanted to create the iconography of the interior world – the world of the marvellous, of my father Freud. I succeeded in doing it. Today the exterior world – that of physics – has transcended the one of psychology. My father today is Dr Heisenberg† (Salvador Dali, quoted in Elliott H. King, ‘Nuclear Mysticism’, Salvador Dali: Liquid Desire, p. 247). The artists from the surrealist era introduced the theory of the liberation of desire through the invention of techniques that aimed to reproduce the mechanisms of dreams (Centre Pompidou, 2007). From a very young age, Dali was an avaricious learner of science and extensively read many books on geometry, mathematics, optical science, physics and natural history. Dali extensively studied and experimented with the Freudian theories on dreams and the unconscious. Several surrealist artists turned to hypnotism and drugs to delve into the dream world, where they looked for unconscious images that were not available in the conscious world, and Dali was an artist who was known for doing so (Art History Archive, n. d. ). The most famous painting associated with Dali is â€Å"The Persistence of Memory†, which was completed in 1931. This painting perfectly expresses Dali’s intense fascination and interest with the world of science, in particular modern physics. Albert Einstein proved to be a strong influence and inspiration for Dali. Dali’s ubiquitous thirst for science and modern physics naturally drew him to Einstein’s idea of relativity from the early 1900’s. This painting primarily focuses on the theme of time and the idea that time is relative, not fixed. There are three clocks, which appear to be melting, drooping and fluid in movement. These clocks represent that time is irrelevant, especially during sleep. However, the one watch on the desk appears to be normal yet closed, with ants crawling all over it. These ants are a subtle theme in the painting, suggesting that they are drawn to the decaying of time, as if it were â€Å"like rotting flesh† (The Museum of Modern Art). The colour scheme which Dali uses, is a scheme found in many of his other paintings. The use of the earthy colours such as brown, yellow and blue to portray sandy beaches and a slightly rugged coastline, resemble imagery which he had been exposed to as a child in Port Lligat. The use of these earthy colours and scenes of nature in a raw yet calm form brings about a sense of grounding to the painting, which contrasts to the dreamy ideologies which were commonly introduced by Surrealist painters, in particular Dali. In addition, Dali uses contrasting shading and light in this painting. The left half of the painting appears to be under a darker light and shady, whereas the right hand side of the painting appears to be brighter and exposed to sunlight. This subtle detail suggests that these two halves could represent the sub-conscious mind and the conscious mind. In the painting, the drooping, flexible clocks are placed within the darker shaded part of the painting, representing the subconscious mind and the dream world. However, the â€Å"conscious† part of the painting, which appears to be lit by sunlight, suggests that in reality, there is light at the end of the tunnel. This part of the painting also doesn’t enclose any of the clocks, which further emphasises Dali’s belief that in reality, time is definitely relative. Whilst in America during the 1940’s Dali experienced a shift in attitudes and began to reinvent himself. Despite the hatred he had for the Catholic Church during his younger years, Dali found himself exploring and returning to his mother’s belief system. Dali reinvented his art to explore and combine psychology, science and religion. This urge to explore his religious roots came from his research regarding Spanish mystics, who believed that science, art and religion can be expressed and proved as one. During this time, Dali came to know of the mathematician Matila Ghyka, whose works related to the golden mean, a harmonious proportion known to the Ancient Greeks and present in both nature and art. It was through this mathematician, that Dali came to learn of this unique and beautiful proportion. Dali was convinced that Ghyka had solved the problem of geometrical composition and used a transcription of his golden mean composition diagram as an inspiration for many of his compositions ( The Dali Dimension: DVD). Dali incorporated the use of the golden mean in many of his works, such as The Sacrament of the Last Supper (1955). In mathematics and art, two quantities are the golden ratio if the ratio of the sum of the quantities to the large quantity is equal to the ratio of the larger quantity to the smaller one. This proportion has been used in the form of the â€Å"golden rectangle† since the renaissance era by many artists, and is believed to be the most aesthetically pleasing. Dali was heavily inspired and influenced by artists from the renaissance era and therefore incorporated the golden rectangle in his own works too. The ratio of the dimensions of Dalis painting Sacrament of the Last Supper is equal to the golden ratio. Dali incorporated into the painting a huge dodecahedron (with each side being a pentagon) engulfing the supper table. According to Plato, the dodecahedron was the solid which the god used for embroidering the constellations on the whole heaven, and is intimately related to the golden ratio; both the surface area and the volume of a dodecahedron of unit edge length are simple functions of the golden ratio. In the painting The Sacrament of the Last Supper, Dali uses daring presentation. He successfully modernises a traditional and religious scene. The painting has an intense clarity to it, where the brush stroke artifacts that are barely visible give the image an even more meticulous quality to it. Dali presents Christ without any facial hair, which proves to be an extremely rare portrayal albeit a very effective one which modernises Christ. The use of the chapel like setting through the use of modern architecture removes this scene from an ancient biblical time in history, replacing and bringing it to what possibly could be the present. The three-dimensional effect which Dali incorporates proves to be alluring and only exemplifies the modern feel of the scene this painting. By using the three-dimensional affect, Dali could also be hinting at an ethereal dimension of spirituality. The colour scheme which Dali uses consists mainly of celestial shades of blue and soft hues of gold and white. Dali continues the beautifully spiritual theme with the body of Christ. The body is emphasised by the lack of a head, with his arms stretched over the Apostles symbolising that Christ offered himself up, however the Apostles are a metaphor for the mystical and metaphysical body of Christ. Dali seems to be the perfect match to create a modern-day painting of The Sacrament of the Last Supper, since he seemed to express a genuine understanding of the supernatural whilst having the uncanny ability to successfully merge modern science and religion in his work. Dali’s painting Meditative Rose (1958) charmingly indicates a sense of profound, peaceful serenity and completion in Dali’s life, in particular his relationship with his wife Gala, with whom he had an unconventional yet fulfilling and committed relationship with. The large, beautiful rose is unique and stimulating and provides the main focus of the painting. The rose is synonymous with the female form and is featured as a motif and metaphor for a sexual symbol in many of Dali’s other works. The rose bears a dual symbolism, which could represent Mary the mother of Jesus, as well as Dali’s beloved wife Gala. Dali’s positioning of the huge beautiful red rose hovering in the sky with a couple standing below it, promotes a sense of ambiguity and awe. The style which Dali has used is a unique blend of realism and dream-like fantasy. The tiny drop of water on the rose petal insinuates a realistic feature; however it can also infer a reference to holy water, implying that everyone’s life can have an auspicious element to it. The distinctive Spanish landscape which blends a range of earthy colours such as shades of yellow, orange and brown promote a sense of unity and variety. Dali strongly disliked war and conflict, he painted this painting over a decade after the Second World War had ended; therefore the peaceful qualities of this painting reflect his own personal emotional state as well as the condition of the community too. The rose is known for its medicinal and curing properties and perhaps by using this precious plant a motif, Dali aimed to promote healing through his art work. The journey for Dali to balance the struggle between religion and science proved to be empirical yet highly enriching and beneficial for him. Despite growing up with immense hatred towards Catholicism and religion, Dali turned to Spanish mysticism and metaphysics and proved that science and religion can perfectly complement one another. Through his artwork, his vivid expression along with his meticulous technique and exploration of challenging yet intriguing themes, perfectly show the journey and metamorphosis of his belief system.

Relationship Between Political Authority And Moral Autonomy Philosophy Essay

Relationship Between Political Authority And Moral Autonomy Philosophy Essay Every person who possesses both free will and reason has an obligation to take responsibility for her actions. This obligation is not compatible with the recognition of political obligation Discuss this statement with particular reference to the anarchist literature on the obligation to obey the law. Introduction In this essay, I am going to contemplate a fundamental jurisdictional problem of political philosophy, the relationship between political authority and moral autonomy. Value will be given to the concept of political obligation imposed by the state to all individuals. I will then seek to present a number of the most influential theories of anarchist philosophers, that come to invalidate political obligation with respect to the notion of autonomy that each individual possesses. Dealing with the unravelling of todays society, I will eventually defend that the compatibility of individual autonomy with political obligation in a state, is not a futile demand, but rather a reality. The Concept of Political Obligation Throughout the years, the matter of political obligation has been at the at the very heart of political philosophy. One should acknowledge that to have a political obligation is to have a moral duty to obey the laws of ones country or state  [1]  . The basic function of law is to ensure that all humans beings are being treated equally and to protect individuals from injustices of our everyday lives. In approaching this issue, it can be argued that law gives a sense of order and decency among people. According to the author Smith, prima facie obligation to obey the law is owed, not to ones government but rather to ones fellow citizens  [2]  . According to Milne, the central idea of obligation is that of having to do something because it is the right thing to do  [3]  . It can be argued that all individuals of a community must therefore be obliged to respect and obey specific laws in order to maintain and promote the public interest. Law has had a very significant meaning for the dignified passage of man from this life. However it seemed that law at some point prevailed over human beings and did not favor individuals rights. The individuals obligation to obey the law was therefore questioned. Individuals illustrated the main rationale behind political obligation, which was the authority of the government. The problem of political obligation therefore indicated the question as to why citizens of modern states should accept the states claim to be a duty imposer  [4]  . Fundamental topics of political obligation, such as its existence, scope and justification became crucial matters on the debate of political philosophy. position of power is established inequality is automatically created, Inequalities caused by society). Authority is  inherent  with human relationships.  Between the one who  exercises authority and the one  who is affected by it, there is a relationship of inequality. The concept of political obligation was first reversed by anarchists. The complex nature of political obligation concerned anarchists in the ground that when imposed by the state, it came in contrast with individual freedom and autonomy. Political obligation is defined as the clash between the individuals claim to self-governance and the right of the state to claim obedience  [5]  . Anarchism, is the only modern social doctrine that unequivocally rejects the concept of the state with its omnipresent evils of political power and authority  [6]  . Anarchist theory which was opposed to the respect of law, was largely reinforced by opinions by several anarchist philosophers. Anarchist literature acquired fans and along with the creation of many groups they reached to the point to threaten  the  existing political  situation. Anarchist literature on political obligation The examination and analysis of the anarchist literature, is an essential component for the understanding of anarchist views regarding the nature of personal autonomy and its conflict with political obligation. Initially, we must examine what it is meant by anarchism. Anarchy,  is the  state  of affairs  in  which  a society  operates without  authority and mediators. Anarchism supports a situation   in which   everyone  has the first word  on every aspect  of everyday   life,   without  imposed restrictions  and  laws  by  the  state, without hierarchical relations and  exploitation. Anarchist philosophers use the concept of autonomy to argue for the legitimacy of obedience to authority, and emphasize on the individual s right of making up his own mind based on the ideal of moral autonomy  [7]  . Authority is a political problem in relation to anarchism, which is why anarchism requires the  abolition  of the state. Anarchism  does not mean   unlimited   freedom   nor   denied  responsibility. As Kropotkin argued,  socialism, must become less dependent upon indirect government through elected representatives, it must become more  self-governing  [8]  . Kropotkin justified his own theory on anarchism. According to his point of view, anarchy  is  the  name given  to a theory  of life  and  conduct  under which society functions without  government  [9]  . In such a society, the  harmony succeeds   not   through obedience  to  the  law,  but  with free agreements concluded  between  various  groups  [10]  . Humans could achieve  the full  development of all  skills,  intellectual,  artistic  and moral  without being  hindered by  the  overtime  in favor of  the monopolists  by or  the  servility  and inactivity  of  mind  of the  vast majority  [11]  .   Anarchism is considered the only political doctrine consistent with the virtue of autonomy  [12]  . The significant philosopher Paul Wolff in his book In Defense of Anarchism, concludes that the moral autonomy of the individual will never be compatible with the legitimate authority of the state. He argues that a citizen cannot retain his autonomy and at the same time be under an obligation to obey the commands of the state simply because they are the commands of the state  [13]  . He indicated how a citizen is related to the commands of authority by expressing that the autonomous man is not subject to the will of another and he may do what another tells him, but not because he has been told to do it, because for the autonomous man, there is no such thing as a command and therefore he is politically free  [14]  . Anarchists disapprove authority of the state because they support that no one within a society should be under rules. Wolff supports that authority is defined to be the right to command and correlatively, the right to be obeyed  [15]  . He considers on that basis that the defining mark of the state is authority, the right to rule, while the primary obligation of man is autonomy, the refusal to be ruled  [16]  . Illustrating the incompatibility of the concept of authority with the rationale of autonomy, was similarly expressed by the political philosopher Raz, who pointed out that authority sometimes requires action against ones own judgment and consequently it requires abandoning ones moral autonomy and since all practical questions may involve moral considerations, all practical authority denies moral autonomy and is consequently immoral  [17]  . The well-known Russian revolutionary Bakunin, supported that the principle of authority that is applied to men who have attained their majority, becomes a monstrosity, a flagrant denial of humanity, a source of slavery and intellectual and moral depravity  [18]  . He consequently concluded to the consideration that the only grand and omnipotent authority, at once natural and rational, the only one which we may respect, will be that of the collective and public spirit of a society founded on equality and solidarity and the mutual human respect of all its members  [19]  . Accordingly, Bakunin elucidated possible future developments by arguing that the future social organization must be made solely from the bottom upwards, by the free association or federation of workers, firstly in their unions, then in communes, regions, nations and finally in a great federation, international and universal  Ã‚  [20]  . The dominant model of autonomy can be argued to be the exact opposite of authority. As a political ideal, autonomy is used as a basis to argue against the design and functioning of political institutions that attempt to impose a set of ends, values and attitudes upon the citizens of a society  [21]  . Kant described the protection of autonomy at the political level and stated that each person had the right to any action that can coexist with the freedom of every other person in accordance with universal law  [22]  . For that reason, he stated that instead of being obedient to an externally imposed law, one should be obedient to ones own self-imposed law, adding that the autonomous man is not subject to the will of another  [23]  . On that basis, Rawls expressed that the concept of Kantian constructivism was to establish a connection  between  the first  principles of  justice and   the   conception  of moral  persons  as  free and  equal. With the ai m of describing the rejection of political institutions by autonomy, it is significant to present McLaughlins view which states that anarchists reject the traditional claims made for the legitimacy of state authority and challenge those authoritative powers which cannot justify their claims and which are therefore deemed illegitimate or without moral foundation  [24]  . As an aspect, autonomy is generally intertwined with the right to pursue ones interests without undue restriction  [25]  . It is crucial to affirm that Proudhon achieved one  of the most   important   contributions  in anarchist  theory  and socialism  in general. He declared  the  idea,  that the great complexity  of social  life, required decentralization and  autonomy of  communities  [26]  .  The basic outline of the argument, is that through  the complexity of  the  interests  and advancement  of  ideas, society is   forced   to  renounce  the  state, by  devaluing  the  mechanism  of the government under the  shade  of  its  political  institutions  [27]  . Proudhon  argued that society slowly   and silently formed  its own  organization,  building  for  itself  a new order  which reflects   the vitality   and   autonomy  Ã‚  [28]  . It is prima facie impermissible to interfere with an individuals right of autonomy where the individual is respectful of that right in others  [29]  . Autonomy,  found  a constructive expression in Mills writings. The philosopher defends the rights of individuals to pursue their own personal goals, and emphasizes the need for being ones own person  [30]  . According to Mill, the conduct of anyone in the part which merely concerns himself, his independence is, of right, absolute and over himself, over his own body and mind, the individual is sovereign  [31]  . Every individual who possesses free will, has self-control and at the same time rejects any need of control by authority. Having no people to control, authority faces(antimetopizi) autonomy as the central threat to its existence. Following  a  middle path  compatibility will arrive In defending my position, I consider that authority and its entailed duty to obey, can be compatible with and basically necessary to individual autonomy. In a modern democracy, obligation to obey the law must be exercised to benefit society. By obeying laws, which constitute the basis of the democracy, we ensure a stable regime of democracy, which has been revealed to be the most ideal throughout the centuries. The functioning of constitutional institutions and processes of political democracy provides opportunities, wider organizational  framework and   ideological debate. In order for democracy to be maintained, law must exist. In view of that John Locke provided the idea that every man, that hath any possessions, or enjoyment, of any part of the dominions of any government, doth thereby give his tacit consent, and is as far forth obliged to obedience to the laws of that government, during such enjoyment, as anyone under it  [32]  . In defending obligation to obey the law, we have a duty to support and to comply with just institutions that exist and apply to us  [33]  . It is a necessity therefore for the individuals to understand that all rules require a positive effort to comply, which cannot be achieved passively  [34]  . As Philip Soper demonstrated, we have a duty to respect those officials who in good faith strive to further the common good by maintaining the rule of law, by acknowledging a duty to obey the law  [35]  . Everyone would agree, that in order to refrain from murder, rape, or breach of contract, there is a prima facie obligation to obey specific laws in order not to violate laws which prohibit these acts. Accordingly, the philosopher Baier held the view that a universal obedience to certain rules that override self-interest, would produce a state of affairs which serves everyones interest much better than the unaided pursuit off it in a state where everybody does the same  [36]  . The state, gives the ordinary citizen freedom to express his opinion in the political process. According to my estimation, obligations of people before the law, do not bound them as to the extent of not being able to have their own judgment or opinion. The authority of the state, can affect the lives of citizens, but citizens can influence policy as well. The existing political system and legislation allows people to apply their judgment through their right to vote. The ordinary citizen cannot suggest any law, but the system of democracy allows him to express his opinion, by giving him the right to vote his representatives who will suggest laws to be voted. Furthermore, in some constitutions the public opinion applies. The courts in the United kingdom have the interpretation of legislation and meander more regularly according to the public opinion, instead of legislation. This justifies that constant efforts are being made by the state, for the fair administration of human situations , in order for the state not to violate the citizens human rights. Nonetheless, several laws that are suggested, favor a certain group of people while others are left aside. The only solution for those whose rights are being violated, is the mobilization  and  massive reaction towards everything that is not  good for us, namely an anarchist reaction. Anarchism is the public opinion that has affected the political system, and it is necessary in order to balance autonomy with the obligation to obey the law. Anarchists display the view, that autonomous persons are in a kind of authoritative control of their own choices, actions and goals and that guarantees that a persons life is free of the domination of others  [37]  , This is regarded to be an extreme view, but this does not mean we must become extremists, because it would then mean non compliant to social norms and therefore law. What I would suggest, is that where we feel that regulations treat us wrong and limit our autonomy, it is there where we should at least show an anarchist reaction. It is only there, that we are obliged to be anarchists and not in all aspects of our lives and on everything that might be imposed upon us. It is worth establishing that I am not canceling all laws, but anarchists have opened our eyes by indicating us that we should not have blind obedie nce to law. As Harris stated, those for whom the law has come weight in their moral decision-making, are entitled to question the need for the law, just as they are entitled to question any other rule that has moral import for their decisions on how to act  [38]  . Hence, those responsible for the law have an obligation to take these views into account in a dispassionate and reasoned way, for that is a requirement of the moral point of view under reasoned discourse  [39]  . Whatever does not benefit us as human beings we must try and overturn it towards the best. In view of the fact that although anarchists thoughts on autonomy are accurate, anarchism by itself is neither possible nor desirable in a political system. The principle of autonomy in terms of defending individual choices and decisions, promotes human individuality and it could be criticized that it overlooks the importance of social relationships and dependency. Individuals need to depend on each other in order to succeed in the path of life. It would be detrimental for  constant revolutionizing to exist because people need stability in their lives. No anarchism  regime has survived  in  practice and this situation justifies the fact that the value of autonomy can be seen as compatible with the social need. On that basis, law should be desirable because it works as a mediator to the maintenance of good human relationships and will provide the stability in peoples lives. The reasoning of the great philosopher Hobbes is to be welcomed, because it demonstrates that individual s without government, would be tremendously unlikely to live in security and peaceful cooperation, by identifying that we would violently compete to secure the basic necessities of life, we would fight out of fear so as to ensure our personal safety, and we would seek glory for its protective effects  [40]  . Law will protect the weak from the powerful one. For that reason, law is required to provide legislation, that is accepted and obeyed by all individuals as a means that protects their rights and does not restrict their autonomy. Finally, free will and responsibility  must  be applicable  within  a  more temperate policy system. Analyzing the concept of political obligation and anarchists views on autonomy, we can assume that they encompass outcomes that are both good and bad. Even so, what both represent, are absolute and radical views and those kind of views cannot and must not prevail. We are free and sentient beings, who should realize that government was created because human needed it and therefore it would be intolerable from us to use anarchism as a means of breaking down the system. What I would suggest, is to successfully arrange some form of government. This will be achieved if we uphold the moderate views and combine them, and only then will we be able to reach a desirable result, that will satisfy everyone. In order to accomplish that, law must give importance to autonomy and its fundamental role it plays in our understanding of the world, and in the way we structure and organize societ y  [41]  . In addition, individuals that are affected by law, must positively accept and apply it in their everyday lives. It is significant to establish that politics are considered to be the science and art of alternative solutions. As a result, government must be able to reconcile the authority of the state with the autonomy of the individual, in order to manage uncertainties and risks to society. It was realized by Hobbes, that our attention must not be focused on the question of social and political order, but rather on how to maximize liberty, how to define social justice, how to draw the limits of government power, and how to realize democratic ideals  [42]  . The state must release innovative social forces, increase social wealth, choices and opportunities and minimize the fear and insecurity generated by the scientific and technological revolution, globalization, integration and expansion of markets and the personalization process in todays society. Following Rawls thought, the intuitive idea is to design the social system so that the outcome is just whatever it happens to be, at least so lo ng as it is within a certain range  [43]  . Government needs to convent this problem into an opportunity. Authority is a form of domination, it is a dominative power, that involves the capacity of one party to exercise control over another party  [44]  . I and I alone, am ultimately responsible for the decisions I make, and am in that sense autonomous  [45]  . Acting autonomously is acting from principles that we would consent to as free and equal rational beings  [46]  . generally intertwined with the right to pursue ones interests without undue restriction Primary question Conclusion As has been shown, several legal philosophical issues arising from the concept of political obligation and the value of autonomy, have been analyzed and embodied in this essay. Extensive investigation of political and anarchist literature helped us root out whether a harmonic relationship between individuals moral autonomy and the political obligation to obey the law can be established. Carole Pateman and John Simmons have argued that political obligation is an unsolved problem for liberal theory  [47]  . Nevertheless, this essay depicts that moral autonomy and political obligation can and should coexist. Autonomy should be conscientiously guarded, with both knowledge and awareness of its usefulness to the humanity. It is justified that, This situation can constitute an attitude that over time, if not reversed, will take such dimensions, that will theory that is based on the idea that individual autonomy is a fundamental political value picture of the world

Comparing the McCarthy Hearings and McCarthyism with The Crucible Witch Trials :: compare and contrast essay examples

Throughout the history of mankind, the misapplication of power, marring of souls have been a part of life. How does this affect us, why does it happen? Human emotion plays a major role in prejudice and the politics that surround it are evident in today's society. Many things can define persecution. No matter how it is defined, it is a tragic event. About three hundred years ago, the witch trials of Salem were a hot topic. Two young girls deceitfully accused a slave, Tituba of witchery. Soon, callous accusations flew and the joke became a sad, sad reality. Fearing punishment, the two girls kept the charade going. The Puritan religion had no way to publicly admit their sins, and things they regret. Because of this, the trials played a role as an outlet for the society's misgivings. They had a way to express their feelings without being chastised. This anti-witch hysteria caused innocent people to die at the cry of others. In terror of being victimized themselves, people accused others of compacting with the devil. Hoping to possibly move the focus of the investigations elsewhere, many followed this unfortunate path. Hatred, denial, dread, perhaps even shock, were all driving factors behind the actions of the townspeople. In the end, almost two dozen innocent men and women were hanged, and hundreds charged or jailed. Moving to a more recent incident, The "Red Scare" of the '50s is a modern example of how a sophisticated people can be brought to such lows. Wanting to get the public's attention, McCarthy spawned a massive anti-Soviet campaign. Searches for people working among us that believed in communist views or someone who might know such a person became commonplace. The crusade itself was based on non-existent claims that some government workers were communists. Senator McCarthy's "proof" was never seen by anyone, further suggesting that his claims were little more than an attempt to intensify his political power base. Taking advantage of the public's views of the Soviet Republic communist system, McCarthy did indeed become an influential power in the U.S. Senate. To gain support, he and Abby fed on worries of the general populace. Both of them had gone from a nobody, someone with little control over anyone but themselves, to someone who could control anyone they pleased. Like Abigail in "The Crucible," his grapple of the situation soon crumbled leaving him dishonored.

Multi Track History :: essays research papers

60s Research Document 4.1.1,2 History and development of the Multitrack Recorder Multitrack recorders were originally developed in the early 1950s in Germany. The initial principle of multitracks was to divide a tape in two parts and record different sounds onto each and play them back concurrently. The fact that both tracks would be on the same tape would mean they would be synchronised exactly. In classical music recordings of the 1950s, the early two track machines were first used and recorded in stereo. Two different mics would be used and these signals would be recorded simultaneously. Pop and jazz recordings however, remained in mono until the mid sixties. The first three track recorder is attributed to Les Paul who developed the system with his wife, singer Mary Ford. Ampex were soon to realise the possibilities of such a machine and bought the device from Paul. Ampex quickly released a refined version of the three track which was in common use until the birth of 4-track in the mid 1960s. Many Motown hits and, maybe most famously, Phil Spector’s â⠂¬ËœWall Of Sound’ were recorded on three track machines. When 4-track was born, a new world of recording and bouncing possibilities was opened up to the recording industry. Most Beatles and Rolling Stones albums were recorded in 4-track and Abbey Road became world renowned in the art of 4-track recording. Their engineers seemed to be able to create vast recordings, which required numerous bounces, whilst keeping unwanted bounce noise to a minimum. 4-track also paved the way for innovations in sound such as Quadraphonic. This system used each track as a means of creating a 360 ° mix. Albums like Pink Floyd’s ‘Dark Side Of The Moon’ and Mike Oldfield’s ‘Tubular Bells’ were recorded in Quadraphonic (as well as Stereo) but the system never really took off. It did however have a significant part to play in the development of surround sound. By 1970 the 16-track recorder was emerging in the rock scene of the United States though the Beatles stuck with the 8-track to record their final albums. Split bank designs became popular offering a main bank of faders used for the mic/line inputs, a separate bank controlling monitor levels and cue mixes and a final section used for other submixes and reverb chambers. The typical price for a 16-track recorder was around $35,000 however the problem of noise build up with numerous tracks still existed (this is the main reason for the lack of interest in 24-track machines at the time).

child development :: essays research papers

What major psychological challenges do children face during middle childhood? In middle childhood children face many new challenges: the challenge of knowing who you are, the challenge to achieve, the challenge of peers, the challenge of family relationships, and the challenge of school. All of these challenges are affected by influences of peers and family relationships. 2. What important changes occur in a child’s sense of self during middle childhood? A child’s sense of self begins to rapidly evolve in middle years and becomes more organized and complex. This sense of self is continuously revised with increasing age and experiences. This grows with social experiences and out of contacts with others. 3. What is achievement motivation, and what forms does it take? Achievement motivation is a tendency to show initative and attaining goals by increasing competence and meeting standards of excellence. There are two forms of achievement motivation: one focuses on competence as such and one that emphasizes the judgments people make about competence. 4. How have changes in the nature of the family, such as increases in the proportion of a single-parent and dual-wage-earner families, affected children’s psychological development? The changes in the nature of family can greatly affect a child’s psychological development. These changes such as divorce and blended families pose challenges to children. These situations usually cause stress on all members of the family even though boys and girls react differently. 5. How do peers contribute to development during middle childhood? Children are influenced by their school’s culture and peers. This influence is positive if a school’s culture and a child’s family culture are similar. This plays a role in how children experience and interact with others , how they percieve themselves, and how they develop psychosocially.

Corporate Social Responsibilities Essay

An obligation, beyond that required by the law and economics, for a firm to pursue long term goals that are good for society. The continuing commitment by business to behave ethically and contribute to economic development while improving the quality of life of the workforce and their families as well as that of the local community and society at large. About how a company manages its business process to produce an overall positive impact on society. About the company Cadbury is the world fourth biggest manufacturer of chocolates. Cadbury is a global confectionery and beverage manufacturer having its presence in more than 200 countries worldwide. The company started its operations in India in 1948 and is the leading manufacturer with 70% volume share of the chocolate market. In India, Cadbury began its operation in 1948 by importing chocolates. The company is also a key player in malted food drinks and sugar confectionery. The company after becoming a founder member of BCF embarked upon social and community development initiatives and attaches a lot of importance to social development initiatives. Core purpose â€Å"creating brands people love† Cadbury Products The market major of Chocolates offers the following products in the market:- Chocolates like Cadbury dairy milk, perk, celebrations, temptations, five star, eclairs, gems, fruit & nut, Cadbury crackle and many more†¦.. Snacks like Cadbury bytes Beverages like Bournvita Cadbury delight Candy like Cadbury halls Gums like Bubbaloo Commitment to the environment Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is at the heart of their success. At Cadbury India have always believed that good values and good business go hand in hand. It’s part of their heritage and the way they do things today. CSR is about growing our business responsibly. Migratory birds stop over at Bangalore factory Water is a precious resources. As part of Cadbury India’s effort to continuously increase water conservation Cadbury. Bangalore factory has constructed a check dam to store the rainwater. This dam not only acts as a major ground water replenishing source for the bore wells in the factories and surrounding community, but is also a stopover location for some of the migratory birds. Pioneering cocoa cultivation in India Since 1974 Cadbury has pioneered the development of cocoa cultivation in india. For over two have worked with the Kerala agriculture university to undertake cocoa research and released hybirds that improve the cocoa yield. Cadbury efforts have increased cocoa productivity and touched the lives of thousands of farmers. Commitment to the society The efforts of the Baddi factory team over 50 children of migrant workers living in and around Cadbury Baddi factory will now have daily access to non-formal education. Cadbury has set up a non-formal school as part of Cadbury commitment to create prosperous, inclusive and healthy communities. This is the first phase of project SAHYOG an 18 month project which commenced in January this year in partnership with an NGO RUCHI. The project reaches out to over 400 poor & marginalised families in Sandholi village near Cadbury Baddi factory and apart from education.

Nike Writes the Future Case Study

Nike is one of the renowned sports brands in the world. In 2010, Nike introduced their â€Å"Nike writes the future† commercial campaign. This was aired for the Soccer world cup 2010. Even though Adidas was the sole sponsor for this event, Nike introduced this 3-minute advertisement as a rival company. Nike soccer build their brand not only through their advertisements but also with public relations, sponsorships and innovations. Nike engaged young consumers via internet and on the field. In addition, Nike has achieved its market through sponsorships to use their products and promote and advertise their technology and design. Moreover, Nike has kept their customers engaged through introducing devices such as Nike fuel band, Nike sports watch, Nike running app etc. How is Nike Soccer creating excitement for its brand through advertising? Kotler defines excitement as â€Å"Customer engagement through experiential and emotional involvement with sellers†. When it comes to marketing its vital to have the customer engaged with sellers through excitement. In order to achieve customer involvement Nike Soccer introduced â€Å"Nike writes the future† commercial campaign in 2010. Nike sponsored soccer players starred in these advertisements, such as Cristiano Ronaldo, Fabio Cannavaro, Franck Ribery and Wayne Rooney. This ad campaign contrasted between results of Rooney’s failures and successes. Rooney’s failures could result in stock market crash or life spent without having any money. His successes could result in babies named after him or knighthood etc. In addition, to the aforementioned advertisement Nike had other engaging ads as well. The Mission†, â€Å"Airport scene†. By using celebrity footballers such as, Cristiano Ronaldo, Wayne Rooney, Nike captured the attention of fans of these players, and this video went viral on the internet. Nike used social media as another source to publicize these advertisements. How is Nike Soccer sponsorship creating excitement for its brand? In 1995 Nike soccer sig ned long term partnerships with Brazilian and United States soccer teams. Their website shows a list of their sponsored teams, such as Barcelona, Manchester United, and Arsenal etc. By offering sponsorships Nike get to advertise their products and innovations through these teams. When these teams are using Nike products, fans of these teams will inevitably get attached to Nike brand. Thus, gaining a new customer base, and building a close customer relationship. How is Nike Soccer creating value for its brand through public relations? â€Å"– it’s about striving for the best, creating value for the business and innovating for a better world. † (Nike, 2012) Innovating for a better world was one of Nike’s ultimate goals. Nike conducted several events and designed products to achieve this goal. In 2010 Nike conducted a campaign called ‘The Chance – Write the Future’. Whole purpose of this campaign was to attract young talented soccer players to trial at Nike academy. In conjunction to this campaign, Nike encouraged its audiences to write 57 character headline messages to inspire their favorite soccer players, through Twitter, Facebook and other social media services. Nike conducted several campaigns in African continent to prevent HIV/AIDS. With their RED campaign Nike donated 100% of profits from purchases of Nike RED laces to HIV/AIDS education and medication in Africa. Public relations is a more powerful tool compared to advertising. Public relations creates an environment for brand exhibition and education. Thus, bringing the brand to the hidden parts of the world. How is Nike Soccer creating value for its brand through innovations? Nike has introduced several devices and programs over the past years. In 1993, Nike started ‘Reuse-A-Shoe’. In this program they grinded foam, fabric and rubber of worn out shoes of various brands and turns them into athletic surfaces. This was one of the oldest innovations of Nike. Nike introduced ‘Elite Series’ soccer boots. Elite Series came with the Nike Football+ feature. Users get to access interactive online training by soccer experts from famous clubs. In addition, Nike introduced Nike Soccer+ for iPhone and iPod. When Nike introduces a new product it opens up new marketing channels, and the brand will be featured once again. Therefore, the brand won’t die in the market. In addition, Product innovation, causes a diversification of the brand. New products can be introduced to new customers. In today’s market businesses cannot stay without product innovation. Through product innovation Nike was able to attract new customers and keep old customers throughout the period. How is Nike Soccer developing the soccer category as a brand leader? In order to gain international recognition Nike shifted to soccer category in 1994, when it had a turnover of US$40 million. Nike recently introduced laser soccer field s across Madrid. As a part of their #MiPista campaign, Nike is promoting their street-specific shoes with insta-soccer fields. Anyone can request a portable field using a smartphone or computer and then play virtually on any flat. Upon request, a team of Nike will gather to the requested place and setup a laser soccer field to grant the high-tech wish. Conclusion Over the past 20 years Nike Soccer has gained huge a customer base, and in return they have gone a long way. Nike has gained the respect of so many customers and they have a reputable brand. Nike has covered almost every aspect of marketing in order to get in to the top. However, Nike needs to come up with new innovations every once in a while to stay on the top of Soccer brands.